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Table 3 Predictors of diabetes distress, diabetes burnout and depressive symptoms

From: Cross-national comparison of psychosocial well-being and diabetes outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in US, Brazil, and Iran

Effecta,b

P-Value

OR

CI95%

Diabetes distress (dependent variable: T1DDS scale)

 Difficulties to pay for very basic items

0.0182

1.633*

1.078–2.473

 Difficulties accessing diabetes care

0.0032

1.583*

1.116–2.245

 Diabetes hospitalization or emergency department visit

0.0004

3.008*

1.546–5.856

 Not following COVID-19 precaution recommendations

0.0005

5.618*

2.145–14.706

 Agec

< 0.0001

1.031*

1.013–1.048

 HbA1c

< 0.0001

1.285*

1.129–1.461

 TiRc

0.0002

1.016*

1.008–1.025

Depressive symptoms (dependent variable: PHQ-8 scale)

 Difficulties accessing healthy food

0.0190

1.395**

1.052–1.850

 Diabetes self-care benn affected by pandemic

< 0.0001

1.704**

1.278–2.271

 Avoiding approaching diabetes facilities due to fear

0.0458

1.335**

1.005–1.774

 Agec

< 0.0001

1.025**

1.011–1.040

 HbA1c

< 0.0001

1.267**

1.122–1.431

 TiRc

0.0002

1.013**

1.006–1.020

 Gender (ref = male)

0.0008

1.835**

1.266–2.660

 Marital status (ref = married)

0.0145

1.473**

1.095–1.976

 Education (ref = graduate)

   

 High school

0.0756

1.395**

0.912–2.133

 Associate

0.0008

2.738**

1.586–4.726

 Bachelor

0.2035

1.149**

0.825–1.600

 Effecta,b

Beta (CI 95%)

p-value

r-partial

r-model

Diabetes burnout (dependent variable: diabetes burnout scale)

    

 Difficulties accessing healthy food

0.079 (0.009; 0.149)

0.0280

0.0028

0.3839

 Difficulties accessing diabetes care

0.084 (0.010; 0.158)

0.0268

0.0045

0.3772

 Diabetes self-care benn affected by pandemic

0.107 (0.033; 0.181)

0.0048

0.0090

0.3727

 Avoiding approaching diabetes facilities due to fear

0.078 (0.007; 0.148)

0.0321

0.0024

0.3863

 Agec

− 0.008 (− 0.011; − 0.005)

 < 0.0001

0.0264

0.3637

 HbA1c

0.130 (0.101; 0.159)

 < 0.0001

0.0476

0.3372

 TiRc

− 0.011 (− 0.012; − 0.009)

 < 0.0001

0.1911

0.2896

 Gender (ref = male)

0.107 (0.022; 0.191)

0.0133

0.0039

0.3811

  1. aControlled analysis by the participant's country of origin and the questions in the COVID questionnaire referring to the moment before the start of the pandemic
  2. bVariables tested in the model: sociodemographic characteristics, TIR, HbA1C and COVID questionnaire referring to the current moment of the pandemic
  3. cVariables inversely associated
  4. *Odds ratio for high distress (reference level: no/little/moderate)
  5. **Odds ratio for moderate severe and severe depressive symptoms (reference level: no/mild)