Table 1 Differences in clinical characteristics between the metabolic status maintenance group and metabolic status improvement group after 12 weeks of the intervention

Age (yr)

42.3 ± 2.25

40.8 ± 2.90

Male/Female n, (%)

6 (35.3)/11 (64.7)

10 (83.3)/2 (16.7)

Weight (kg)

80.5 ± 2.27

79.9 ± 2.18

85.8 ± 4.17

84.2 ± 3.69^**

BMI (kg/m²)

27.7 ± 0.37

27.5 ± 0.36

27.8 ± 0.48

27.5 ± 0.36^**

Waist circumference (cm)

96.8 ± 1.31

96.2 ± 1.26

96.6 ± 1.76

95.9 ± 1.45

WHR

0.93 ± 0.01

0.93 ± 0.01

0.92 ± 0.01

0.93 ± 0.01

Systolic BP

129.4 ± 2.78

127.5 ± 2.97

124.7 ± 4.61

120.8 ± 4.12^*

Diastolic BP

78.4 ± 1.88

79.5 ± 1.96

75.8 ± 2.81

74.5 ± 2.38

Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a

218.1 ± 8.73

245.3 ± 27.0

225.2 ± 32.8

138.6 ± 16.6^*

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

207.5 ± 9.98

208.1 ± 9.56

214.2 ± 11.5

208.6 ± 12.2

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

43.1 ± 2.68

43.4 ± 2.79

43.8 ± 2.75

52.8 ± 3.53^*

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

120.9 ± 9.04

115.6 ± 9.33

125.4 ± 10.4

128.1 ± 9.30

Free fatty acids (μEq/L)^a

604.3 ± 65.1

619.9 ± 70.8

525.8 ± 60.0

630.9 ± 150.8

Glucose (mg/dL)^a

91.8 ± 2.76

91.7 ± 3.00

89.7 ± 3.36

89.0 ± 4.24

Insulin (μIU/dL)^a

14.5 ± 1.75

14.9 ± 1.40

14.7 ± 1.99

12.8 ± 1.72

HOMA-IR^a

3.31 ± 0.42

3.39 ± 0.34

3.26 ± 0.44

2.82 ± 0.37

C-peptide (ng/mL)^a

2.36 ± 0.24

2.37 ± 0.22

2.43 ± 0.27

2.10 ± 0.20

Gamma-GT (U/L)^a

31.9 ± 3.05

32.2 ± 4.12

31.8 ± 11.9

20.3 ± 6.26

Hs-CRP (mg/L)^a

1.25 ± 0.26

1.43 ± 0.29

1.22 ± 0.33

1.12 ± 0.33

Adiponectin (ng/mL)^a

3.55 ± 0.35

3.56 ± 0.32

4.05 ± 0.69

3.51 ± 0.56

Leptin (ng/mL)^a

16.2 ± 2.86

16.9 ± 2.64

16.6 ± 1.61

8.72 ± 1.02^**

Measurements from DEXA and CT

 Fat percentage (%)^a

29.3 ± 1.43

29.2 ± 1.23

29.1 ± 1.72

23.4 ± 1.71^**

 Fat mass (g)^a

22,162.6 ± 968.8

22,065.4 ± 850.6

20,796.4 ± 1649.4

19,810.4 ± 1449.4

 Lean body mass (g)^a

51,905.2 ± 2385.7

51,907.2 ± 2170.8

53,402.5 ± 3365.7

57,030.1 ± 3287.7^**

L1 vertebra

 Whole fat area (cm²)^a

27,334.9 ± 1007.3

27,680.2 ± 1130.6

26,398.8 ± 1727.1

22,986.0 ± 1521.6^**

 Visceral fat area (cm²)^a

12,292.0 ± 965.0

12,603.7 ± 975.2

12,153.4 ± 1043.4

12,221.4 ± 1046.7

 Subcutaneous fat area (cm²)^a

15,042.9 ± 1151.0

15,076.5 ± 1081.3

14,245.4 ± 1332.9

10,764.6 ± 1199.0^**

 VSR^a

0.94 ± 0.13

0.93 ± 0.12

0.93 ± 0.11

1.31 ± 0.19^**

L4 vertebra

 Whole fat area (cm²)^a

32,172.2 ± 1023.8

31,634.2 ± 1135.9

29,139.8 ± 1677.8

28,609.4 ± 1594.9

 Visceral fat area (cm²)^a

10,174.7 ± 564.0

10,114.0 ± 601.3

9735.7 ± 877.5

9504.6 ± 836.5

 Subcutaneous fat area (cm²)^a

21,997.5 ± 984.7

21,520.2 ± 1153.2

19,404.1 ± 1915.2

19,104.8 ± 1846.9

 VSR^a

0.48 ± 0.04

0.50 ± 0.05

0.59 ± 0.09

0.58 ± 0.09