Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 1244 participants of study population across tertiles (T) of the empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia
Empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (n = 412) | T2 (n = 411) | T3 (n = 411) | P for trend | |
Age ± years | 42.3 ± 14.1 | 43.1 ± 12.6 | 43.7 ± 12.0 | 0.132 |
Male (%) | 195 (47.3) | 183 (44.5) | 152 (37.0) | 0.008 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 2.7 | 26.9 ± 2.7 | 31.8 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 33.0 (14.0–77.3) | 21.4 (9.7–47.6) | 23.6 (10.0–43.7) | < 0.001 |
Current smokers (%) | 63 (15.3) | 51 (12.4) | 37 (9.0) | 0.021 |
Education Level (graduated), (%) | 129 (31.3) | 108 (26.3) | 78 (19.0) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 46 (11.2) | 58 (14.1) | 67 (16.3) | 0.079 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 23 (5.6) | 30 (7.3) | 41 (10.0) | 0.051 |
Biochemical data | ||||
Fasting serum insulin(mU/mL) | 7.27 ± 4.32 | 8.59 ± 4.00 | 11.72 ± 7.24 | < 0.001 |
Fasting blood sugar (mmol/l) | 4.97 ± 1.33 | 5.1 ± 1.33 | 5.33 ± 1.53 | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.35 (0.95–1.93) | 1.76 (1.21–2.40) | 2.29 (1.59–3.51) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-B | 105.7 (73.9–149.2) | 120.0 (81.8–167.1) | 146.0 (90.6–196.8) | < 0.001 |
HOMA-S | 83.6 ± 46.7 | 66.8 ± 42.7 | 49.9 ± 29.5 | < 0.001 |
Hyperinsulinemia, n (%) | 69 (16.7) | 113 (27.5) | 204 (49.6) | < 0.001 |
Insulin resistance, n (%) | 104 (25.2) | 157 (38.2) | 247 (60.1) | < 0.001 |
Insulin insensitivity, n (%) | 104 (25.2) | 158 (38.4) | 248 (60.3) | < 0.001 |
β-cell dysfunction, n (%) | 109 (26.5) | 88 (21.4) | 77 (18.7) | 0.028 |
Nutrient Intake | ||||
Energy(Kcal/d) | 2202 ± 689 | 2224 ± 688 | 2302 ± 757 | 0.041 |
Carbohydrate(% of energy) | 59.0 ± 7.0 | 58.4 ± 6.8 | 56.2 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
Protein(% of energy) | 13.5 ± 2.1 | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 13.7 ± 2.5 | 0.348 |
Fat(% of energy) | 30.2 ± 6.6 | 30.4 ± 6.7 | 32.6 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
Food groups | ||||
Low-fat dairy (serving/d) | 1.08 ± 0.90 | 0.97 ± 0.81 | 1.01 ± 0.80 | 0.297 |
High-fat dairy (serving/d) | 1.34 ± 1.04 | 1.09 ± 0.69 | 1.06 ± 0.73 | < 0.001 |
Refined grain(serving/d) | 5.17 ± 3.73 | 5.25 ± 3.96 | 5.34 ± 3.56 | 0.524 |
Red and processed meat(serving/d) | 0.59 ± 0.43 | 0.80 ± 0.61 | 1.08 ± 1.00 | < 0.001 |
Fruits(serving/d) | 3.51 ± 2.75 | 3.33 ± 2.79 | 3.13 ± 2.37 | 0.041 |
Vegetables(serving/d) | 2.88 ± 1.97 | 2.94 ± 2.07 | 3.07 ± 2.18 | 0.197 |
Insulin scores | ||||
EDIH | 0.09 (0.02–0.19) | 0.15 (0.06–0.27) | 0.20 (0.08–0.44) | < 0.001 |
ELIH | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 1.34 ± 0.06 | 1.70 ± 0.20 | < 0.001 |