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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants

From: Diabetes related distress is high in inpatients with diabetes

Parameters

Participants

Non-responders

(n = 75)

All

(n = 216)

DM1

(n = 107)

DM2

(n = 109)

Women, n (%)

105 (48.8)

62 (57.9)

43 (39.4)

26 (34.7)*

Age (years)

54.0 ± 17.0

45.9 ± 16.1

62.0 ± 13.7

65.6 ± 15.5*

Duration of diabetes (years)

17.5 ± 11.0

18.7 ± 10.3

16.2 ± 11.5

19.8 ± 13.4

BMI (kg/m2)

29.9 ± 7.3

26.6 ± 5.0

33.0 ± 7.7

30.3 ± 8.7

HbA1c

    

 %

 mmol/mol

8.7 ± 1.9

71.4 ± 20.3

8.4 ± 1.6

67.8 ± 17.9

8.9 ± 1.9

74.3 ± 20.8

9.1 ± 2.7

76.0 ± 24.8

HbA1c, DCCT adjusted

    

 %

 mmol/mol

7.9 ± 1.7

63.1 ± 18.5

7.6 ± 1.5

59.6 ± 16.3

8.2 ± 1.8

66.6 ± 19.8

8.2 ± 2.1

67.0 ± 22.6

Diabetes therapy, n (%)

    

 Diet

 OAD/GLP1 agonists

 Insulin

7 (3.2)

7 (3.2)

202 (93.6)

0 (0)

0 (0)

107 (100)

7 (6.4)

7 (6.4)

95 (87.2)

2 (2.7)

9 (12.0)

64 (85.3)

Insulin therapy, n (%)

    

 No insulin

 Basal insulin

 Premixed insulin

 Short acting insulin (+ basal insulin)

 Insulin pump

14 (6.5)

7 (3.2)

9 (4.2)

150 (69.4)

36 (16.7)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (1.9)

70 (65.4)

35 (32.7)

14 (12.8)

7 (6.4)

7 (6.4)

80 (73.5)

1 (0.9)

11 (14.7)*

3 (4.0)*

4 (5.3)*

53 (70.7)*

4 (5.3)*

Insulin dosage

    

 Total (IU/day)

 Basal (IU/day)

62.0 ± 46.3

24.8 ± 22.0

47.0 ± 26.2

22.5 ± 14.0

78.9 ± 57.1

27.4 ± 28.3

75.3 ± 68.3

25.1 ± 24.8

 Number of insulin injections per day

3.4 ± 1.6

3.3 ± 1.9

3.6 ± 1.2

3.6 ± 1.2

 Number of self-monitoring of glucose tests per day (blood, CGM, FGM)

3.7 ± 3.0

4.5 ± 3.8

3.2 ± 1.6

2.8 ± 1.7*

 Frequency of non-severe hypoglycaemia per week

1.6 ± 2.9

2.8 ± 3.7

0.4 ± 0.9

0.7 ± 1.4*

Severe hypoglycaemia past 12 months

    

 Frequency

 Number of events (people with an event)

0.08 ± 0.4

18 (12)

0.09 ± 0.4

10 (7)

0.07 ± 0.4

8 (5)

0.04 ± 0.2

0 (0)

Ketoacidosis past 12 months

    

 Frequency

 Number of events (people with an event)

0.03 ± 0.2

7 (5)

0.07 ± 0.3

7 (5)

0

0 (0)

0.03 ± 0.2

0 (0)

Blood pressure

    

 Systolic (mmHg)

 Diastolic (mmHg)

 Pulse (bpm)

136.3 ± 18.6

80.7 ± 12.8

76.5 ± 11.8

134.1 ± 15.9

82.7 ± 11.2

86.0 ± 9.4

138.4 ± 20.7

78.8 ± 14.0

77.0 ± 13.8

131.9 ± 17.7

75.8 ± 13.1*

74.6 ± 12.2

 eGFR (ml/min)

73.3 ± 28.2

85.0 ± 26.5

61.9 ± 25.0

59.3 ± 29.1*

 eGFR < 60 ml/min, n (%)

    

 ≥ 60 ml/min

 30–59 ml/min

 < 30 ml/min

143 (66.2)

62 (28.7)

11 (5.1)

90 (84.1)

11 (10.3)

6 (5.6)

53 (48.6)

51 (46.8)

5 (4.6)

29 (38.7)*

34 (45.3)*

12 (16.0)*

 Albumin/g creatinine (mg/g)

246.2 ± 906.8

117.1 ± 312.7

371.6 ± 1225.6

168.1 ± 389.0

Albumin/g creatinine, n (%)

    

 < 30

 30–300 mg/g

 301–3000 mg/g

 > 3000 mg/g

138 (63.9)

52 (24.1)

21 (9.7)

5 (2.3)

73 (68.3)

24 (22.4)

10 (9.3)

0 (0)

65 (59.6)

28 (25.7)

11 (10.1)

5 (4.6)

27 (36.0)

35 (46.7)

7 (9.3)

0 (0)

 Polyneuropathy, n (%)

93 (43.1)

27 (25.2)

66 (60.6)

42 (56.0)

Severe diabetes-related complications, n (%)

    

 Amputation

 Dialysis

 Blindness

3 (1.4)

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

1 (0.9)

1 (0.9)

0 (0)

2 (1.8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

6 (8.0)*

3 (4.0)

0 (0)

  1. BMI body mass index, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, DM1 diabetes mellitus type 1, DM2 diabetes mellitus type 2, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FGM flash glucose monitoring, GLP1 glucagon like peptide 1, IU insulin units, OAD oral antidiabetic drugs
  2. *p-value < 0.05 between all participants and dropout