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Table 2 Clinical information on the122 included patients

From: Analysis of the clinical characteristics of insulin autoimmune syndrome induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients

Parameter

 

Value

Clinical manifestations (104)a

Hypoglycemia

90/104 (86.54%)

 Autonomic nervous system: palpitations, sweating, hunger and hand tremors

48/90 (53.33%)

 Neurological hypoglycemia: dizziness, coma, blurred consciousness, anxiety, fear, abnormal behavior and incontinence

27/90 (30.00%)

Hypoglycemia

11/104 (10.58%)

 Ketoacidosis

4/11 (36.36%)

No symptoms of hypoglycemia

4/104 (3.85%)

Allergic reaction: rash, pruritus, redness and swelling

14/104 (13.46%)

Recurrent episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia

37/104 (35.58%)

Nocturnal hypoglycemia along with daytime hyperglycemia

22/104 (21.15%)

Recurrent hypoglycemia after discontinued insulin

67/104 (64.43%)

Onset time of hypoglycemia (86)a

Before meal

16/86 (18.60%)

Night and early morning and fasting

68/86 (70.07%)

3 to 5 h after meal

9/86 (10.47%)

Blood glucose (mmol/L)

Mean blood glucose during hypoglycemia (70)a

2.21 (1,3.4)b

 ≤ 1

1/70 (1.43%)

1–2

32/70 (45.71%)

2–3

34/70 (47.57%)

3– 4

3/70 (4.29%)

Fasting blood glucose (80)a

5.59(1.24,13.9)b

Insulin (5–25 mU/L)

Insulin levels during hypoglycemia (44)a

 50–100

2/44 (4.55%)

 100–300

12/44 (27.27%)

 300–1000

12/44 (27.27%)

  ≥ 1000

18/44 (40.91%)

Fasting insulin levels (86)a

 50–100

11/86 (12.79%)

 100–300

20/86 (23.26%)

 300–1000

40/86 (46.51%)

  ≥ 1000

15/86 (17.44%)

C-peptide (1.1–4.4 ng/ml)

C-peptide levels during hypoglycemia (39)a

  < 5

21/39 (53.85%)

 5–10

13/39 (33.33%)

 10–50

5/39 (12.82%)

Fasting C-peptide levels (87)a

 

  < 5

57/87 (65.52%)

 5–10

18/87 (20.69%)

  ≥ 10

12/87 (13.79%)

Antibody

 IAA (122)a

Positive

122/122 (100%)

 ICA (85)a

Positive

8/85 (9.41%)

 GADA (89)a

Positive

7/89 (7.87%)

 OGTT (65)a

IGT

6/65 (9.23%)

Diabetic curve

59/65 (90.77%)

3-to 5-h hypoglycemia

14/39 (35.60%)

  1. CT, computed tomography; GADA, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody; ICA, Islet Cell Autoantibody; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
  2. aRepresents the number of patients out of 106 on which information regarding this particular parameter was provided
  3. bMean (minimum–maximum)