Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
Clinical manifestations (104)a | Hypoglycemia | 90/104 (86.54%) |
Autonomic nervous system: palpitations, sweating, hunger and hand tremors | 48/90 (53.33%) | |
Neurological hypoglycemia: dizziness, coma, blurred consciousness, anxiety, fear, abnormal behavior and incontinence | 27/90 (30.00%) | |
Hypoglycemia | 11/104 (10.58%) | |
Ketoacidosis | 4/11 (36.36%) | |
No symptoms of hypoglycemia | 4/104 (3.85%) | |
Allergic reaction: rash, pruritus, redness and swelling | 14/104 (13.46%) | |
Recurrent episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia | 37/104 (35.58%) | |
Nocturnal hypoglycemia along with daytime hyperglycemia | 22/104 (21.15%) | |
Recurrent hypoglycemia after discontinued insulin | 67/104 (64.43%) | |
Onset time of hypoglycemia (86)a | Before meal | 16/86 (18.60%) |
Night and early morning and fasting | 68/86 (70.07%) | |
3 to 5 h after meal | 9/86 (10.47%) | |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | Mean blood glucose during hypoglycemia (70)a | 2.21 (1,3.4)b |
≤ 1 | 1/70 (1.43%) | |
1–2 | 32/70 (45.71%) | |
2–3 | 34/70 (47.57%) | |
3– 4 | 3/70 (4.29%) | |
Fasting blood glucose (80)a | 5.59(1.24,13.9)b | |
Insulin (5–25 mU/L) | Insulin levels during hypoglycemia (44)a | |
50–100 | 2/44 (4.55%) | |
100–300 | 12/44 (27.27%) | |
300–1000 | 12/44 (27.27%) | |
≥ 1000 | 18/44 (40.91%) | |
Fasting insulin levels (86)a | ||
50–100 | 11/86 (12.79%) | |
100–300 | 20/86 (23.26%) | |
300–1000 | 40/86 (46.51%) | |
≥ 1000 | 15/86 (17.44%) | |
C-peptide (1.1–4.4 ng/ml) | C-peptide levels during hypoglycemia (39)a | |
< 5 | 21/39 (53.85%) | |
5–10 | 13/39 (33.33%) | |
10–50 | 5/39 (12.82%) | |
Fasting C-peptide levels (87)a | ||
< 5 | 57/87 (65.52%) | |
5–10 | 18/87 (20.69%) | |
≥ 10 | 12/87 (13.79%) | |
Antibody | ||
IAA (122)a | Positive | 122/122 (100%) |
ICA (85)a | Positive | 8/85 (9.41%) |
GADA (89)a | Positive | 7/89 (7.87%) |
OGTT (65)a | IGT | 6/65 (9.23%) |
Diabetic curve | 59/65 (90.77%) | |
3-to 5-h hypoglycemia | 14/39 (35.60%) |