Table 1 Sex-specific characteristics (n = 1907)
Men (n = 1050) | Women (n = 857) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | |||||||||
Non-DM (n = 868) | DM (n = 182) | Non-DM (n = 802) | DM (n = 55 ) | |||||||
Age (years) | 59.9 (12.3) | 65.7 (8.9) | < 0.01 | 60.2 (12.9) | 66.5 (9.4) | < 0.01 | ||||
Anthropometric measurements | ||||||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 (3.1) | 25.2 (3.6) | < 0.01 | 21.8 (3.4) | 24.5 (3.8) | < 0.01 | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 86.7 (8.4) | 89.5 (9.6) | < 0.01 | 81.0 (9.7) | 88.0 (10.0) | < 0.01 | ||||
Visceral fat area (cm2) | 94.5 (46.5) | 112.1 (50.1) | < 0.01 | 60.6 (37.7) | 97.8 (47.6) | < 0.01 | ||||
Subcutaneous fat are (cm2) | 122.1 (56.5) | 126.0 (59.0) | 0.40 | 143.9 (78.1) | 185.9 (81.3) | < 0.01 | ||||
Healthy lifestyle characteristics | ||||||||||
Alcohol consumption (non-daily drinker) | 669 (77.1) | 136 (74.7) | 0.50 | 722 (90.0) | 54 (98.2) | 0.04 | ||||
Smoking behavior (non-smoker) | 410 (82.8) | 99 (80.5) | 0.54 | 468 (90.7) | 36 (97.3) | 0.17 | ||||
Exercise frequency (≥ 2 times per week) | 148 (30.6) | 33 (28.0) | 0.58 | 133 (28.1) | 11 (31.4) | 0.67 | ||||
Body mass index 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 524 (60.4) | 88 (48.4) | < 0.01 | 560 (69.9) | 30 (54.5) | 0.02 | ||||
Adequate sleep duration (yes) | 382 (76.9) | 118 (83.1) | 0.14 | 386 (77.8) | 27 (77.1) | 0.93 | ||||
Breakfast (every morning) | 403 (80.1) | 104 (83.9) | 0.34 | 404 (77.8) | 33 (86.8) | 0.19 | ||||
Snack between meals (no) | 341 (77.7) | 81 (73.6) | 0.37 | 331 (75.6) | 24 (68.6) | 0.36 | ||||
Proportion of participants with 6 or 7 total number of healthy lifestyle items | 116 (28.3) | 29 (28.7) | 0.93 | 149 (39.7) | 12 (1.4) | 0.86 | ||||
Hypertension (yes) | 234 (27.0) | 77 (42.3) | < 0.01 | 147 (18.3) | 20 (36.4) | < 0.01 | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.3 (14.0) | 126.5 (15.1) | < 0.01 | 117.0 (15.6) | 126.2 (13.0) | < 0.01 | ||||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.8 (10.5) | 74.1 (11.4) | 0.38 | 70.5 (10.6) | 74.4 (9.5) | < 0.01 | ||||
Heart rate (beats per min) | 68.1 (10.1) | 69.8 (11.0) | 0.04 | 72.2 (10.8) | 74.0 (13.0) | 0.25 | ||||
Diabetes-related items | ||||||||||
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 98.9 (8.8) | 135.3 (23.3) | < 0.01 | 93.9 (8.9) | 130.1 (27.1) | < 0.01 | ||||
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.7 (0.3) | 7.0 (0.8) | < 0.01 | 5.7 (0.3) | 6.8 (0.8) | < 0.01 | ||||
Immuno-reactive insulin | 8.4 (5.5) | 10.0 (5.7) | < 0.01 | 7.2 (5.3) | 11.3 (6.9) | < 0.01 | ||||
C-peptide | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.6) | 0.21 | 1.5 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.7) | < 0.01 | ||||
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | 2.1 (1.5) | 3.4 (2.1) | < 0.01 | 1.7 (1.3) | 3.5 (2.1) | < 0.01 | ||||
Dyslipidemia (yes) | 369 (42.5) | 90 (49.5) | 0.09 | 279 (348) | 25 (5.5) | 0.11 | ||||
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 201.2 (32.4) | 190.4 (36.1) | < 0.01 | 215.3 (33.4) | 202.5 (37.8) | < 0.01 | ||||
High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56.2 (14.6) | 52.2 (12.0) | < 0.01 | 68.5 (15.4) | 59.2 (14.6) | < 0.01 | ||||
Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 114.4 (28.5) | 106.4 (29.4) | < 0.01 | 118.8 (28.8) | 112.3 (27.3) | 0.11 | ||||
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 124.1 (82.8) | 140.8 (91.3) | 0.02 | 90.0 (49.3) | 121.4 (87.0) | < 0.01 | ||||
Hyperuricemia (yes) | 224 (25.8) | 42 (23.2) | 0.46 | 17 (2.1) | 7 (12.7) | < 0.01 | ||||
Uric acid (mg/dl) | 6.1 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.2) | 0.01 | 4.7 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.3) | < 0.01 | ||||
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 0.12 (0.28) | 0.14 (0.26) | 0.21 | 0.10 (0.39) | 0.21 (0.50) | 0.06 | ||||
Organ damage/cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||
Heart | 29 (3.3) | 14 (7.7) | < 0.01 | 17 (2.1) | 3 (5.5) | 0.11 | ||||
Brain | 17 (2.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.34 | 16 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.62 | ||||