Table 3 Subgroup meta-analysis of metabolic syndrome prevalence among Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients
Subgroup | No. of studies | Sample size | Prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q value | df | P value | I2 | ||||
Publication year | |||||||
 2005–2014 | 16 | 8250 | 21.8 (15.1,29.4) | 870.3 | 15 |  < 0.001 | 98.3% |
 2015–2020 | 11 | 37,561 | 26.6 (20.8, 32.7) | 566.5 | 10 |  < 0.001 | 98.2% |
Study design | |||||||
 Cross-sectional | 23 | 12,714 | 24.0 (18.3, 30.1) | 1258.6 | 22 | – | 98.3% |
 Cohort | 4 | 33,097 | 22.2 (14.9, 30.4) | 131.3 | 3 | – | 97.7% |
Geographical region | |||||||
 Europe | 13 | 37,470 | 26.2 (19.3,33.7) | 994.8 | 12 |  < 0.001 | 98.8% |
 North America | 3 | 1991 | 22.6 ( 9.5, 39.4) | – | 2 | – | – |
 South America | 3 | 2024 | 23.7 (13.6,35.6) | – | 2 | – | – |
 Asia | 4 | 1492 | 17.0 (9.5, 26.1) | 46.9 | 3 |  < 0.001 | 93.6% |
 Australia | 3 | 2674 | 27.3 (15.7, 40.7) | – | 2 | – | – |
 Africa | 1 | 160 | 13.1 (8.3, 19.4) | – | 0 | – | – |
Sample size | |||||||
 ≤ 300 | 12 | 1773 | 23.8 (16.6, 31.8) | 154.0 | 11 |  < 0.001 | 92.9% |
 > 300 | 15 | 44,038 | 23.7 (18.7, 29.2) | 1271.4 | 14 |  < 0.001 | 98.9% |
Diagnostic criteria | |||||||
 WHO | 3 | 2912 | 25.0 (15.9, 35.4) |  | 2 | – | – |
 NCEP | 5 | 34,161 | 24.8 (17.3, 33.1) | 231.1 | 4 |  < 0.001 | 98.3% |
 Modified NCEP | 1 | 91 | 31.9 (22.5, 42.5) | - | 0 | – | – |
 IDF | 15 | 7265 | 19.8 (13.6, 26.8) | 666.0 | 14 |  < 0.001 | 97.9% |
 JIS | 3 | 1382 | 40.5 (17.7, 65.6) |  | 2 | – | – |