Pattern 1 | Pattern 2 | Pattern 3 | Pattern 4 | Pattern 5 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q 1 (n = 244) | Q 4 (n = 259) | Q 1 (n = 244) | Q 4 (n = 259) | Q 1 (n = 242) | Q 4 (n = 256) | Q 1 (n = 246) | Q 4 (n = 252) | Q 1 (n = 229) | Q 4 (n = 273) | |
Age (years) | 45.3 ± 10.7 | 47.9 ± 11.2‡ | 45.8 ± 10.1 | 46.7 ± 11.3 | 45.4 ± 11.0 | 46.4 ± 11.4 | 45.3 ± 9.9 | 46.9 ± 11.8 | 45.2 ± 10.5 | 47.9 ± 11.4† |
Men (%) | 37.1 | 51.5‡ | 50.5 | 37.8‡ | 49.8 | 40.5 | 33.2 | 59.5† | 53.5 | 37.9‡ |
Body mass index (kg.m2) | 27.9 ± 4.4 | 28.3 ± 5.1 | 27.9 ± 4.8 | 28.0 ± 4.6 | 27.8 ± 4.8 | 27.8 ± 4.8 | 27.9 ± 4.6 | 27.4 ± 4.8 | 27.4 ± 4.2 | 28.4 ± 4.7 |
Smoking (%) | 16.1 | 12.3 | 17.0 | 11.1 | 14.0 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 17.9‡ | 18.0 | 9.0† |
Physical activity (MET.h.wk) | 27.3 (12.2–57.6) | 27.7 (11.4–58.0) | 27.8 (10.4–65.9) | 27.7 (11.6–64.0) | 27.8 (12.1–68.8) | 27.8 (12.5–57.6) | 27.3 (12.5–55.0) | 27.8 (11.9–61.0) | 27.8 (11.8–58.2) | 26.5 (12.4–57.9) |
Marital status (% of married) | 62.9 | 56.7 | 59.9 | 63.0 | 64.3 | 59.5 | 65.2 | 58.8 | 59.0 | 56.2 |
Education levels (higher than diploma) | 30.8 | 30.2 | 26.7 | 30.9 | 35.3 | 30.3 | 30.5 | 31.3 | 30.9 | 28.3 |
Employment status (employed, %) | 70.5 | 64.6 | 71.3 | 71.4 | 73.6 | 70.5 | 72.7 | 67.9 | 68.2 | 63.8 |
Diabetes status (%) | 4.5 | 14.9† | 4.9 | 11.5‡ | 6.8 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 11.4 |
Glucose lowering drug consumption (%) | 3.1 | 9.0† | 3.6 | 7.3 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 6.9 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 16.1 | 16.8 | 15.0 | 18.7 | 20.0 | 17.4 | 18.0 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 16.9 |
Biochemical factors | ||||||||||
Insulin (μU/mL) | 8.7 ± 5.2 | 9.6 ± 7.4‡ | 9.8 ± 6.5 | 9.2 ± 6.5 | 8.6 ± 4.7 | 9.9 ± 7.5‡ | 8.5 ± 4.6 | 9.5 ± 6.0 | 9.0 ± 6.3 | 9.5 ± 6.3 |
Fasting Blood Sugar (mg/dl) | 89.5 ± 19 | 99.1 ± 34.3† | 94.1 ± 26.9 | 96.1 ± 32.1 | 92.1 ± 22.8 | 94.8 ± 30.0 | 93.4 ± 26.8 | 95.5 ± 27.3 | 93.9 ± 29.2 | 96.1 ± 30.4 |
HOMA-S | 71.1 ± 40.5 | 66.0 ± 46.3 | 65.9 ± 53.7 | 64.0 ± 36.1 | 70.5 ± 50.3 | 62.0 ± 36.3‡ | 72.9 ± 54.6 | 64.3 ± 40.8 | 72.7 ± 55.5 | 62.5 ± 36.5‡ |
HOMA-IR | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 3.3‡ | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 2.4 ± 3.1 | 2.04 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 3.2‡ | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.9 | 2.4 ± 2.7 |