Metabolic syndrome and esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta‑analysis

Table 4 Results of subgroup analysis

Subgroup analyses	No. of studies	Heterogeneity		Model	Meta-analysis
Subgroup analyses	No. of studies	I² (%)	P	Model	OR	95% CI	P
Study design
Case–control study	2	0	0.54	Fixed-effect	1.15	1.06–1.26	0.0009
Cohort study	4	49	0.12	Fixed-effect	1.19	1.03–1.39	0.02
Location
Asian	1	NA	NA	NA	0.51	0.25–1.04	0.06
Western	5	0	0.88	Fixed-effect	1.17	1.09–1.26	< 0.0001
Metabolic conditions
Obesity	3	85	0.001	Random-effect	1.15	0.88–1.51	0.32
Hyperglycemia	3	0	0.80	Fixed-effect	1.12	1.03–1.21	0.006
High cholesterol	2	0	0.69	Fixed-effect	1.05	0.89–1.24	0.59
High triglycerides	2	0	0.44	Fixed-effect	0.96	0.88–1.04	0.31
Hypertension	3	67	0.05	Random-effect	1.23	1.04–1.46	0.02
Pathological types
ESCC	2	0	0.98	Fixed-effect	1.09	0.89–1.34	0.42
EAC	5	17	0.90	Fixed-effect	1.19	1.10–1.28	< 0.0001

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