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Table 2 Outcomes of hospitalized diabetes patients with a hypertensive crisis (Group 1), without a hypertensive crisis or a symptomatic hypoglycemia (Group 2), with symptomatic hypoglycemia at admission (Group 3)

From: Glycopenia - induced sympathoadrenal activation in diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled arterial hypertension: an observational study

 

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

n

Mean ± SD

na

n

Mean ± SD

na

n

Mean ± SD

na

p

Renal function

 Creatinine at discharge (serum; µmol/L)

19

114.5 ± 36.6

17

19

89.8 ± 32.6

19

15

100.2 ± 46.5

13

0.0754

 Change of serum creatinine (baseline versus discharge; µmol/l)

19

-17.9 ± 41.6

17

19

0.3 ± 44.1

19

15

-12.4 ± 65.4

13

0.6705

 Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m2) at discharge

19

55.2 ± 18.6

16

19

76.7 ± 14.9

16

15

67.3 ± 22.4

12

0.0068

Blood pressure during hospitalization

 Systolic blood pressure (maximum, day-time; mmHg)

19

191.6 ± 20.7

19

19

157.7 ± 20.2

18

15

172.8 ± 22.2

15

 < 0.0001

 Systolic blood pressure (mean, day-time; mmHg)

19

142.5 ± 13.8

19

19

124.6 ± 16.1

19

15

138.7 ± 18.2

15

0.0030

 Diastolic blood pressure (maximum, day-time; mmHg)

19

98.7 ± 13.4

19

19

88.6 ± 11.4

18

15

98.9 ± 20.0

15

0.0749

 Diastolic blood pressure (mean, day-time; mmHg)

19

75.3 ± 9.4

19

19

71.3 ± 8.3

19

15

79.1 ± 15.4

15

0.1340

 Mean arterial pressure (day-time; mmHg)

19

97.7 ± 8.9

19

19

85.9 ± 9.5

16

15

98.9 ± 15.3

15

0.0035

 Systolic blood pressure (maximum, night-time; mmHg)

19

167.7 ± 30.4

19

19

135.6 ± 15.1

15

15

151.5 ± 23.2

15

0.0021

 Systolic blood pressure (mean, night-time; mmHg)

19

141.7 ± 18.6

19

19

117.9 ± 12.1

16

15

125.1 ± 17.8

15

0.0003

 Diastolic blood pressure (maximum, night-time; mmHg)

19

90.9 ± 15.7

19

19

81.3 ± 8.2

16

15

90.8 ± 15.7

15

0.1339

 Diastolic blood pressure (mean, night-time; mmHg)

19

72.9 ± 11.3

19

19

68.7 ± 8.6

16

15

71.7 ± 12.9

15

0.5279

 Mean arterial pressure (night-time; mmHg)

19

95.9 ± 11.9

19

19

85.9 ± 9.5

16

15

89.5 ± 13.8

15

0.0507

 Antihypertensive classes per patient at discharge (n)

19

4.1 ± 1.6

19

19

2.2 ± 1.6

19

15

2.2 ± 1.2

15

0.0011

 Change of antihypertensive classes (baseline versus discharge; n)

19

1.1 ± 1.1

19

19

0.2 ± 1.1

19

15

-0.3 ± 1.0

15

0.0017

 Antihypertensive DDD at discharge (n)

19

11.0 ± 8.7

19

19

3.0 ± 3.3

19

15

4.9 ± 6.5

15

0.0012

 Change of antihypertensive DDD (baseline versus discharge; n)

19

4.8 ± 6.1

19

19

0.1 ± 1.9

19

15

0.2 ± 3.8

15

0.0028

Diabetes-related parameters

 Length of CGM (d)

19

5.1 ± 0.7

19

19

5.3 ± 1.5

19

15

6.2 ± 0.9

15

0.0004

 Hypoglycemic episodesa (during CGM, n)

19

2.2 ± 1.9

19

19

0.7 ± 1.4

19

15

4.5 ± 2.3

15

 < 0.0001

 Hypoglycemic episodes per nighta (during CGM, n)

19

0.8 ± 1.0

19

19

0.2 ± 0.5

19

15

1.5 ± 1.4

15

0.0051

 Daily cumulative insulin dose at discharge (units/d)

19

42.5 ± 33.0

19

19

27.6 ± 24.3

19

15

27.9 ± 19.0

15

0.2960

 Change of daily cumulative insulin dose (baseline versus discharge; units/d)

19

-18.4 ± 24.9

19

19

-2.9 ± 15.6

17

15

-18.6 ± 22.7

15

0.0479

Primary outcome

 Hypoglycemic episodes (tissue glucose < 3.9 mmol/l) per 24 h (n)

19

0.4 ± 0.4

19

19

0.2 ± 0.3

17

15

0.8 ± 0.5

15

 < 0.0001

  1. aFinal number of diabetes patients subjected to statistical analysis, if data were lacking