Table 3 Characteristics of studies included to compute the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in low and middle income countries

Zhu et al. 2020 [1]

China

7711 (2.8)

7334 (1.7)

346 (2.3)

–

–

–

–

1.4

0.9

21.8

14.4

5.5

3

3.7

6

Mahajan et al. 2020 [2]

India

128 (3.9)

168 (3.6)

14–19

–

11 (3.7)

–

–

–

1.7

2.1

9.8

64.9

6.4

0.3

16.9

8

Bekele et al. 2020 [3]

Ethiopia

403 (10.2)

421 (14.5)

13–19

102 (12.4)

–

–

6.3

6.1

5

7.4

32.2

20.6

26.2

57.8

8.5

6

Ahmadi et al. 2020 [4]

Iran

456 (9.6)

579 (6)

6–18

79 (7.6)

–

–

–

–

4.3

3.3

27.8

56.2

7.4

9.1

8

8

Zhao et al. 2019 [5]

China

871 (4)

895 (2)

10–15

59 (3.3)

–

–

0.1

3.2

2

1.3

30

78 4

10

11

7

8

Zhang et al.2019 [6]

China

366 (6.6)

317 (3.5)

8–15

–

35 (5.1)

–

0.1

5

3.5

1.6

–

–

–

–

–

6

Wang et al. 2019 [7]

China& Spain

1011

1115

10–15

30 (1.4)

–

–

–

–

–

–

16.7

15.8

5.5

4.1

12.6

8

Oliveira et al. 2019 [8]

Brazil

470 (5.2)

565 (3.9)

12–20

47 (4.5)

–

–

3.4

1.1

2.4

2.1

14.9

26.4

4.2

4.4

9.0

6

Suebsamran et al. 2018 [9]

Thailand

152 (5.9)

241 (1,2)

13–16

12 (3.1)

23 (5.8)

44 (11.2)

0.3

2.8

2.3

0.8

15.6

25.6

3.3

0.8

4.6

6

152 (10.5)

241 (2.9)

13–16

1

4.8

4.1

1.7

15.6

28.4

13.7

0.2

11.7

152(15.8)

241(8.3)

13–16

3.1

8.1

6.1

5.1

34.6

51.3

17.8

0.2

11.7

Gupta et al. 2018 [10]

India

1149 (4.4)

951 (9)

10–16

69 (3.3)

74 (3.5)

–

–

–

2.4

0.9

8.0

16.9

9.2

13.5

7.6

6

Dos Santos et al. 2018 [11]

Brazil

88 (5)

186 (4.4)

12–18

13 (4.7)

–

–

–

–

1.8

2.9

15.3

25.2

6.6

5.1

8.8

6

Andaki et al.2018 [12]

Brazil

707 (12.6)

773 (8.5)

6–10

–

–

99 (6.7)

–

–

6

0.7

27.5

43

10.7

0.7

10.7

6

Sekokotla et al. 2017 [13]

S.Africa

116 (6)

255 (3.1)

13–18

15 (4)

–

–

–

–

1.9

2.1

30

28.8

8.6

4.6

32.6

6

Wang et al. 2016 [14]

China

857 (1.4)

913 (0.8)

7–17

19 (1·1)

–

–

–

–

0.68

0.42

11.9

11.6

5.5

1.6

0.8

6

Suarez-Ortegón et al. 2016 [15]

Colombia

256 (8.6)

238 (8.8)

5–9

–

–

43(8.7)

–

–

4.5

4.2

33

47.6

20.4

4

2.6

6

Kuschnir et al. 2016 [16]

Brazil

15006 (2.9)

22498 (2.4)

12–17

975 (2.6)

–

–

–

–

1.2

1.4

12.6

32.7

4.6

4.1

8.2

6

Karandish et al. 2016 [17]

Iran

886 (8)

863 (2.9)

10–16

–

96 (5.5)

–

–

–

4.1

1.4

9.2

25

31.2

17

22.8

8

de Carvalho et al. 2016 [18]

Brazil

170

251

9–19

17 (4.1)

–

–

–

–

–

–

8.6

26.1

20.9

0.5

11.9

6

Ramı´rez-Ve´ lez et al. 2016 [19]

Colombia

877 (0.11)

1045 (.48)

9–17

6 (0.3)

119 (6.2)

211 (11)

0.15

0.15

0.04

0.26

–

–

–

–

–

6

877

1045

9–17

4

2.2

2.5

3.7

–

–

–

–

–

877

1045

9–17

7

4

4.5

6.5

–

–

–

–

–

Rosini et al. 2015 [20]

Brazil

481 (13)

530 (15)

6–14

–

143 (14.1)

–

3

11.1

6.2

7.9

30.4

37.6

26.1

11.6

13.6

8

Bhat et al. 2015 [21]

India

311 (3.8)

588 (3.5)

10–18

14(1.5)

32 (3.6)

–

1.7

1.9

1.4

2.2

3.7

17

31

9.8

4

6

Bhalavi et al. 2015 [22]

India

182 (7.7)

223 (11.7)

10–19

–

40 (9.9)

–

9.9

–

3.5

6.4

2.2

58.3

27.9

13.8

22.4

6

Bortoloti et al. 2015 [23]

Brazil

301

382

11–17

–

37 (5.4)

–

–

–

–

–

3.5

44.7

18.6

0.6

7

6

Reyes et al. 2014 [24]

Venezuela

450 (3.11)

466 (1.3)

9–18

14 (1.5)

20 (2.2)

–

–

–

1.5

0.7

10.2

8.6

10.5

3.6

8.7

6

450

466

9–18

–

–

–

–

9.5

31.4

7.5

3.6

0.7

Rerksuppaphol et al. 2014 [25]

Thailand

189 (3.7)

159 (4.4)

–

–

–

14 (4)

0.6

3.4

2

2

29.6

–

12.6

8.9

18.4

6

Rashidi et al. 2014 [26]

Iran

1113 (11)

1133 (7)

10–19

–

203(9)

–

6.1

2.9

5.5

3.5

10.3

24.1

33.5

16.4

22.1

6

Pitangueira et al. 2014 [27]

Brazil

213(16.4)

289 (10)

7–14

–

64 (12.8)

–

2.8

10

7

5.8

26.7

52.8

41.8

7.2

29.1

6

Mbowe et al. 2014 [28]

Guatemala

144

158

8–13

–

6(2)

–

–

–

–

–

12.3

17.2

43.4

1.7

2.0

8

Li et al. 2014 [29]

China

485 (10.9)

425 (3.8)

11–16

69 (7.6)

–

–

–

–

5.8

1.8

22.5

46.8

9.7

6.3

16.9

8

Fadzlina et al. 2014 [30]

Malaysia

387 (3.4)

627 (2.1)

13

26 (2.6)

–

–

–

2.6

1.3

1.3

17.3

6.3

6.6

3.5

4.9

6

Wang et al. 2013 [31]

China

1279 (0.4)

1285 (6.7)

10–18

140 (5.5)

331 (12.9)

–

–

2.1

3.4

2.1

31.4

14.1

10.3

12.6

9.9

6

1279 (1.0)

1285 (24.7)

10–18

0.5

12.4

8.1

4.8

32.6

11.9

25.3

12.6

19.4

Tandona et al. 2013 [32]

India

346

349

10–18

118 (17)

137 (19.7)

–

0.2

16.8

–

–

39.3

27.3

37

13.2

14

6

Sua´ rez-Ortego’n et al. 2013 [33]

Colombia

718 (1)

743 (1.3)

10–16

18 (1.2)

37 (2.5)

124 (8.5)

0.4

0.8

0.5

0.7

8.8

26.8

6.9

4.5

3.6

6

718

743

–

–

–

–

22.2

54.6

27.5

0.7

6

718

743

–

–

–

–

8.8

29.6

20.3

0.7

8.6

Singh et al. 2013 [34]

India

658 (3.84)

502 (1.6)

10–18

–

31 (2.67)

–

0.9

1.7

2.2

0.47

5.66

10.66

3.44

6.3

2.75

8

Sarrafzadegan et al. 2013 [35]

Iran

1014

978

–

90 (4.5)

–

240 (12.1)

–

–

–

–

9

24.9

10.9

4.6

22.8

6

1014 (13.7)

978 (10.3)

–

–

–

7

5.1

21

24.9

42.9

4.6

22.8

Qorbani et al.2013 [36]

Iran

1793 (2.3)

1772 (2.9)

10–18

91 (2.6)

–

–

–

1.2

1.4

–

–

–

–

–

–

6

Khashayar et al. 2013 [37]

Iran

2863

2875

10–18

144 (2.5)

–

–

1.1

1.4

–

–

16.3

24.9

6.5

12.1

5.4

8

Andrabi et al. 2013 [38]

India

385 (3.9)

373 (3.8)

8–18

–

29 (3.8)

–

0.4

3.4

2

1.8

4.5

4.4

3.8

1.3

–

8

Xu et al. 2012 [39]

China

4495 (0.7)

4269 (0.5)

7–11

52 (0.6)

–

–

0.05

0.55

0.35

0.25

13.6

5.2

3.9

2.1

1.8

8

Nasreddine et al. 2012 [40]

Lebanon

112

115

–

24 (9.1)

26 (9.9)

–

0.4

8.7

–

–

50.6

38.4

10.6

4.9

12.2

6

Mehrkash et al. 2012 [41]

Iran

225 (4.4)

225 (1.6)

15–18

–

15 (3.3)

–

0.9

2.4

2.4

0.9

4.2

11.6

33.3

12.4

4.9

6

Chen et al. 2012 [42]

China

–

–

10–18

372 (9.8)

–

–

0.2

9.6

–

–

–

–

45

13

–

6

Liu e al 2010 [43]

China

938 (5.7)

906 (7.5)

7–14

–

121 (6.6)

–

1.9

4.7

2.9

3.7

23.4

15.8

16.1

0.2

23.5

6

Khader et al. 2010 [44]

Jordan

235

277

10–18

11 (2.1)

–

–

–

–

–

–

5.8

26.1

17.2

7.2

6.2

6

Hirschler et al. 2010 [45]

Argentina

508 (5.3)

501 (6)

6–14

–

57 (5.8)

–

0.4

5.4

2.8

3

27.6

19.7

12.9

0.8

8.5

6

Ella et al. 2010 [46]

Egypt

1806 (7.4)

2444 (7.4)

10–18

–

308 (7.2)

–

–

–

3.1

4.1

20

24

22

4

25.5

8

Afkhami-Ardekani et al. 2010 [47]

Iran

402

530

10–19

75 (8)

63 (6.7)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

5

Seki et al. 2009 [48]

Brazil

1103 (4.2)

1067 (3)

6–16

–

78 (3.6)

–

0.3

3.3

2.1

1.5

11.2

43.2

6.4

0.6

9.8

8

Salem et al., 2009 [49]

Iran

–

1221 (3.9)

11–18

–

48 (3.9)

–

–

–

–

3.9

1.2

44.7

15.8

7.9

1.5

8

Mirhosseini et al. 2009 [50]

Iran

–

622 (6.5)

15–17

–

40 (6.5)

–

4.8

1.7

–

6.5

3.7

57

24.5

16.7

6.1

5

Matsha et al. 2009 [51]

S.Africa

496 (8.1)

776 (5.5)

10–16

24 (1.9)

83 (6.5)

–

2.2

4.3

3.1

3.4

9.9

48.3

9.3

4.2

9.3

5

496(3.4)

776(0.9)

0.95

0.95

1.3

0.6

10.8

48.3

4.1

4.2

6.8

Li et al. 2008 [52]

China

1478 (3.4)

1283 (4)

15–19

–

–

102 (37)

2.2

1.5

1.8

1.9

3·8

53·8

19·6

0·8

18·2

6

Singh et al. 2007 [53]

India

571 (3.2)

512 (5.5)

12–17

–

46 (4.2)

–

1.7

2.5

1.6

2.6

4

25.8

20.4

5

7.8

5

Kelishadi et al. 2006 [54]

Iran

2248

2563

6–18

–

678 (14)

–

–

–

–

–

23

72

38

4

7

6

Esmaillzadeh et al. 2006 [55]

Iran

1413 (10.3)

1623 (9.9)

10–19

–

307 (10.1)

–

3.9

6.2

4.8

5.3

10

42.8

37.5

0.6

23.8

6

Rodríguez-Morán et al. 2004 [56]

Mexico

499 (4.6)

466 (8.6)

10–18

–

63 (6.5)

–

–

–

2.4

4.1

27.7

20.8

9.5

7.7

7.1

6