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Table 2 Dietary intakes of Tehran lipid and glucose study participants based on quartiles of low carbohydrate diet score

From: Animal based low carbohydrate diet is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Tehranian adults

Dietary intakes

Quartiles of low carbohydrate diet score

P for trend

Q1 (n = 1233)

Q2 (n = 1191)

Q3 (n = 997)

Q4 (n = 935)

Vegetables (g/1000 kcal)

122.6 ± 84.7

131.9 ± 78.4

130.9 ± 77.4

138.7 ± 89.2

< 0.001

Fruits (g/1000 kcal)

237.1 ± 179.3

171.3 ± 113.9

151.3 ± 93.9

129.0 ± 107.7

< 0.001

Legumes and nuts (g/1000 kcal)

19.8 ± 14.4

22.6 ± 15.0

22.9 ± 18.0

24.3 ± 18.8

< 0.001

Refined grains (g/1000 kcal)

211.9 ± 77.5

186.2 ± 56.5

163.3 ± 50.8

137.8 ± 52.1

< 0.001

Whole grains (g/1000 kcal)

33.2 ± 27.0

27.7 ± 23.5

23.0 ± 19.4

19.3 ± 17.7

< 0.001

Dairy (g/1000 kcal)

130.2 ± 68.6

170.4 ± 81.2

183.0 ± 91.9

228.9 ± 113.5

< 0.001

Red and processed meat (g/1000 kcal)

7.2 ± 5.1

8.8 ± 6.2

9.6 ± 7.0

12.6 ± 10.6

< 0.001

Total energy intake (kcal)

2450 ± 739

2373 ± 693

2400 ± 697

2329 ± 700

< 0.001

Protein (% of energy)

11.7 ± 1.6

13.9 ± 3.1

15.2 ± 2.0

17.5 ± 3.4

< 0.001

Carbohydrate (% of energy)

64.7 ± 3.2

58.2 ± 2.7

52.1 ± 9.8

46.8 ± 4.2

< 0.001

Fat (% of energy)

23.6 ± 3.6

27.9 ± 3.3

32.7 ± 5.5

35.7 ± 4.6

< 0.001

Animal Protein (% of energy)

5.2 ± 1.5

6.6 ± 1.9

7.1 ± 2.2

9.2 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Plant Protein (% of energy)

6.5 ± 1.5

7.3 ± 2.0

8.1 ± 2.3

8.3 ± 3.4

< 0.001

Animal Fat (% of energy)

9.6 ± 3.0

12.1 ± 3.2

14.1 ± 4.3

17.0 ± 4.9

< 0.001

Plant Fat(% of energy)

14.0 ± 3.7

15.8 ± 4.5

18.6 ± 6.7

18.7 ± 7.4

< 0.001

Saturated fat (% of energy)

7.6 ± 1.7

9.2 ± 1.9

11.5 ± 5.7

12.1 ± 2.6

< 0.001

Monounsaturated fat (% of energy)

7.8 ± 1.5

9.4 ± 1.8

11.7 ± 5.7

12.1 ± 3.1

< 0.001

Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy)

4.9 ± 1.2

5.7 ± 1.4

7.3 ± 5.8

6.9 ± 2.0

< 0.001

unsaturated fat/Saturated fat

1.74 ± 0.45

1.68 ± 0.44

1.70 ± 0.52

1.62 ± 0.49

< 0.001

Fiber (g/1000 kcal)

21.6 ± 7.2

20.7 ± 8.5

19.1 ± 8.9

17.0 ± 5.7

< 0.001

Sodium (mg/1000 kcal)

1438 ± 431

1521 ± 423

1548 ± 414

1597 ± 497

< 0.001

Sucrose (g/day)

36.5 ± 26.5

31.3 ± 22.8

32.1 ± 22.7

28.2 ± 30.0

< 0.001

Fructose (g/day)

25.0 ± 13.9

20.7 ± 10.7

21.9 ± 8.7

18.0 ± 12.4

< 0.001

  1. Data are presented as the mean ± SD