Table 3 Characteristics of studies examined the association of dietary inflammatory index with cardio-metabolic risk factors

24

Alkerwi et al. 2014

Cross-sectional

Luxembourg

18–69

F/M

1352

F (695)

M (657)

FFQ

430

–

24

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

DII > 1 vs. DII ≤ 1

Categorical

OR

1.12 (0.81, 1.56)

7

3, 7, 9, 11, 17, 25

249

Low HDL-C

1.46 (1.00, 2.13)

351

Hyper- triglyceridemia

1.17 (0.82, 1.67)

741

HTN

0.85 (0.61, 1.18)

307

Hyperglycemia

1.30 (0.90, 1.89)

346

MetS

1.18 (0.81, 1.71)

42

Alkerwi et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

Luxembourg

18–69

F/M

1040

F (NR)

M (NR)

FFQ

1040

-

NR

HDL-C (mmol/l)

Morbidity

–

Continuous (each 1-z score difference across the DII)

β -Coefficient

0

8

3, 7, 9, 17, 25

TC (mmol/l)

0.0409

TG (mmol/l)

− 0.00003

LDL-C (mmol/l)

0.0003

ApoA1 (mg/l)

0.02

Apo B (mg/l)

0.13

1106

F (NR)

M (NR)

1,106

FBS (mmol/l)

− 0.0002

HbA1c (%)

− 0.0001

HOMA-IR

− 0.017

Insulin (mg/l)

− 0.22

1153

F (NR)

M (NR)

1153

BMI (kg/m²)

− 0.003

WC (cm)

0.002

1007

F (NR)

M (NR)

1007

SBP (mmHg)

− 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

0.587

43

Moslehi et al. 2016

Cross-sectional

Iran

19–75

F/M

2975

F (1,641)

M (1304)

FFQ

1,007

–

37

Glucose tolerance abnormality

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (0.29, 5.23) vs. Quartile 1 (− 5.82, − 2.67)

Categorical

OR

1.15 (0.90, 1.48)

8

2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 17, 22, 48

590

IFG

1.09 (0.83, 1.44)

259

IGT

1.24 (0.84, 1.81)

286

Type 2 diabetes

0.98 (0.66, 1.47)

1923

Insulin resistance

1.18 (0.91, 1.51)

2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 17, 22, 48, 54

2975

FBS levels (mmol/L)

-

Continuous

β-Coefficient

0.01

Postload glucose levels (mmol/L)

0.04

Fasting insulin (U/mL)

0.02

HOMA-IR

0.02

HOMA-B

0.01

QUICKI

− 0.02

25

Naja et al. 2017

Cross-sectional

Lebanon

 > 18

F/M

330

F (NR)

M (NR)

FFQ

171

–

25

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

Quintile 5 (NR) vs. Quintile 1 (NR)

Categorical

OR

0.66 (0.29, 1.48)

7

3, 7, 9, 17, 25, 29, 55

105

Low HDL-C

0.74 (0.31, 1.75)

103

Hyper- triglyceridemia

0.84 (0.35, 1.03)

329

132

HTN

0.40 (0.23, 1.04)

331

151

Hyperglycemia

1.80 (0.80, 4.01)

328

114

MetS

0.72 (0.31, 1.67)

23

Neufcourt et al.. 2015

Cohort

France

35–60

F/M

3726

F (2367)

M (1359)

At least 3 valid 24-h dietary records

524

13

36

MetS

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (mean (IQR) 2.97 (1.27)) vs. Quartile 1 (− 1.76 (1.07))

Categorical

OR

1.39 (1.01,1.92)

7

1, 3, 7, 9, 17, 25, 56

22

Ramallal et al.. 2017

Cohort

Spain

37.4

F/M

7027

F (4535)

M (2492)

FFQ

1433 overweight (1409)

Obese (24)

10

28

Overweight/Obesity

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (− 0.59, 4) vs. Quartile 1 (− 5.1, -2.5)

Categorical

HR

1.32 (1.08, 1.60)

8

1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 17, 34, 35, 36, 39, 57, 58, 59, 60

17

Ramallal et al. 2015

Cohort

Spain

38

F/M

18,794

F (NR)

M (NR)

FFQ

NR

2

28

HTN

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (− 0.74, 3.97) vs. Quartile 1 (− 5.14, − 2.68)

Categorical

OR

1.71 (1.11, 2.64)

7

1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 17, 24, 25, 35, 36, 39, 57

Hypercholesterolemia

1.04 (0.69, 1.57)

44

Sen et al. 2018

Cohort

USA

2.8- 4.9

F/M

922

F (NR)

M (NR)

FFQ

922

4.5

NR

BMI z-score

Morbidity

-

Continues (per 1 point increment in pregnancy DII)

β-Coefficient

Girls: 0.04 (− 0.09, 0.17)

Boys: 0.16 (0.02, 0.29)

8

9, 17, 25, 18, 53

775

775

FFM index (kg/m²)

Girls: 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.24)

Boys: 0.19 (− 0.01, 0.39)

FM index (kg/m²)

Girls: 0.14 (− 0.13, 0.40)

Boys: 0.13 (− 0.14, 0.41)

Trunk fat mass index (kg/m²)

Girls: 0.06 (− 0.05, 0.18)

Boys: 0.06 (− 0.06, 0.19)

922

922

WC (cm)

Girls: 0.21 (− 0.77, 1.19)

Boys: 0.93 (− 0.07, 1.92)

SS + Tr (mm)

Girls: 0.31 (− 0.92, 1.53)

Boys: 1.12 (0.01, 2.23)

Fasting insulin (uU/ml)

Girls: -0.06 (− 1.10, 0.97)

Boys: − 0.80 (− 1.85, 0.24)

LDL-C (mg/dl)

Girls: − 0.17 (− 4.11, 3.77)

Boys: − 0.80 (− 1.85, 0.24)

481

481

Mid-childhood metabolic risk score

Girls: 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16)

Boys: 0.02 (− 0.10, 0.14)

28

Sokol et al. 2016

Cross-sectional

Poland

45–64

F/M

3862

F (2572)

M (1290)

FFQ

1759

–

22

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (− 0.75, 4.00) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.56,− -2.62)

Categorical

OR

0.79 (0.61, 1.03)

7

2, 9

Continuous (per one unit)

0.95 (0.89, 1.02)

615

Low HDL-C

Categorical

0.62 (0.48, 0.80)

Continuous (per one unit)

0.89 (0.84, 0.95)

815

Hyper- triglyceridemia

Categorical

1.04 (0.84, 1.30)

Continuous (per one unit)

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

2590

HTN

Categorical

1.05 (0.86, 1.28)

Continuous (per one unit)

1.02 (0.97, 1.07)

1402

Hyperglycemia

Categorical

1.11 (0.91, 1.34)

Continuous (per one unit)

1.04 (0.99, 1.09)

1159

MetS

Categorical

0.96 (0.77, 1.19)

Continuous (per one unit)

0.99 (0.94, 1.05)

21

Vahid et al. 2016

Case–control

Iran

31–67

F/M

414

F (NR)

M (NR)

FFQ

214

-

27

Pre-diabetes

Morbidity

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

OR

18.88 (7.02, 50.82)

7

1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 17, 25

-

Continuous (per one unit)

3.62 (2.50, 5.22)

414

FBS levels (mmol/l)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

β-Coefficient

4.49 (1.89, 7.09)

2, 6, 7, 9, 25, 39, 61, 62

-

Continuous (per one tertile)

2.18 (1.21, 3.15)

414

OGTT (mg/dl)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

8.76 (1.78, 15.73)

–

Continu ous (per one tertile)

4.08 (1.45, 6.71)

414

HbA1C (mmol/l)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (<− -1.21)

Categorical

0.30 (0.17, 0.42)

-

Continuous (per one tertile)

0.12 (0.07, 0.17)

414

HDL-C (mg/dl)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

− 3.39 (− 5.94, − 0.84)

–

Continuous (per one tertile)

− 1.10 (− 2.06, − 0.13)

414

LDL-C (mg/dl)

Tertile 3 (>− 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (<− 1.21)

Categorical

16.37 (11.04, 21.69)

-

Continuous (per one tertile)

5.51 (3.47, 7.54)

414

TG (mg/dl)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

21.01 (8.61, 33.42)

Continuous (per one tertile)

12.66 (8.06, 17.27)

414

LBM (%)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

− 3.11 (− 4.83, − 1.39)

-

Continuous (per one tertile)

− 1.26 (− 1.91, − 0.61)

414

Body fat (%)

Tertile 3 (> − 0.54) vs. Tertile 1 (< − 1.21)

Categorical

2.41 (0.56, 4.26)

-

Continuous (per one tertile)

1.10 (0.40, 1.79)

26

Vissers et al. 2017

Cohort

Australia

52

F

7,169

FFQ

1680

12

25

HTN

Morbidity

DII ≥ 0 vs. DII < 0

Categorical

OR

1.24 (1.06, 1.45)

7

1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 25, 40, 45

-

Continuous (per 1 SD increase in DII score)

1.07 (0.99, 1.15)

Michael D. Wirth et al. 2014

Cross-sectional

United states of America

42.4 ± 8.5

F/M

447

F (112)

M (335)

FFQ

125

-

DII (36 food items)

MetS

Morbidity

Presence of at

least three of these components WC of ≥ 102 cm for males or ≥ 88 for females; BP ≥ 130 for systolic or ≥ 85 for diastolic or reported diagno

sed hypertension or antihypertensive medication; HDL-C of < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 in women; TG

 ≥ 150 mg/dL, and glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or reported treatment for diabetes

Quartile 4 (2.64, 5.89) vs. Quartile 1 (− 6.27, − 1.26)

Categorical

OR

0.87 (0.46–1.63)

Age, sex

20

Wirth et al. 2014

Cross-sectional

USA

42.4

F/M

447

F (112)

M (335)

FFQ

150

-

36

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (2.64, 5.89) vs. Quartile 1 (− 6.27, − 1.26)

Categorical

OR

0.93 (0.52, 1.67)

5

14, 64

444

185

Low HDL-C

1.03 (0.59, 1.83)

17, 18, 39

444

136

Hyper-triglyceridemia

0.77 (0.42, 1.42)

17, 18

447

181

HTN

1.14 (0.64, 2.02)

9, 17, 39

445

115

Hyperglycemia

2.03 (1.08, 3.82)

9, 17

444

125

MetS

0.87 (0.46, 1.63)

46

Tyrovolas et al. 2017

Cross-sectional

USA

 ≥ 20

F/M

7880

F (NR)

M (NR)

24-h dietary recall

NR

–

27

CVD-RF morbidity index (included obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. The total number of these risk factors was calculated (range 0–4) for each individual and used as the outcome)

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (NR) vs. Quartile 1 (NR)

Categorical

OR

1.39 (1.15, 1.67)

8

3, 7, 9, 17, 18, 25, 29, 33, 59

–

Continuous (per one unit)

1.07 (1.03, 1.10)

19

Wirth et al. 2016

Cross-sectional

USA

20–80

F/M

15,666

F (NR)

M (NR)

24-dietary recall

5408

-

27

HTN

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (1.94, 4.83) vs. Quartile 1 (-5.81, -0.81)

Categorical

POR

1.19 (1.05, 1.34)

5

2, 7, 9, 46

-

Continuous (per one unit)

1.04 (1.01, 1.06)

27

Sen et al. 2015

Cohort

USA

32.2

F

1779

FFQ

160

6 months

28

Isolated hyperglycemia

Morbidity

-

Continuous (per one unit)

OR

0.94 (0.82, 1.07)

7

2, 7, 9, 18, 25, 53

58

Impaired glucose tolerance

0.88 (0.71, 1.09)

96

GDM

0.78 (0.65, 0.95)

1775

NR

Inadequate pregnancy weight gain

0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

Excessive pregnancy weight gain

0.95 (0.87, 1.03)

1772

25

Chronic HTN

0.91 (0.65, 1.28)

122

Gestational HTN

0.97 (0.83, 1.14)

62

Preeclampsia

1.04 (0.85, 1.26)

47

Ruiz-Canela et al. 2015

Cross-sectional

Spain

56–80

F

4145

FFQ

4145

–

33

BMI (kg/m²)

Morbidity

–

Continues

Pearson coefficient (r)

0.06 (0.03, 0.09)

8

1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 22, 25, 29,

WC (cm)

0.05 (0.02, 0.08)

WHtR (%)

0.06 (0.03, 0.09)

55–80

M

3091

3091

BMI (kg/m²)

0.05 (0.01, 0.08)

WC (cm)

0.08 (0.05, 0.20)

WHtR (%)

0.09 (0.06, 0.13)

48

Camargo-Ramos et al. 2017

Cohort

Colombia

39.7

F/M

90

F (NR)

M (NR)

24-dietary record

90

NR

28

DXA total tissue (% fat)

Morbidity

–

Categorical (Anti-Inflammatory Diet (− 3.71 to − 0.37) and Inflammatory Diet (0.13–3.64))

Pearson coefficient (r)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.122, pro-inflammatory diet = 0.111

7

9, 17

TC (mg/dL)

Anti-inflammatory diet = -0.210, Pro-inflammatory diet = 0.010

TG (mg/dL)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.354, pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.009

HDL-C (mg/dL)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.100, Pro-inflammatory diet = 0.028

LDL-C (mg/dL)

Anti-Inflammatory Diet = 0.350, Pro-Inflammatory Diet = -0.084

FBS (mg/dL)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.422, pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.228

MetScore

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.282, pro-inflammatory diet = 0.410

HbAc1 (%)

Anti-inflammatory diet = 0.004, pro-inflammatory diet = 0.090

FMD (%)

Anti-inflammatory diet = 0.261, pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.233

PWV (m/s)

Anti-inflammatory diet =− 0.437, pro-inflammatory diet = 0.014

Aortic SBP (mm Hg)

Anti-inflammatory diet =− 0.271 pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.126

Aortic pulse pressure (mm Hg)

Anti-inflammatory diet =− 0.271, pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.055

Brachial augmentation index (%)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.300, pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.209

Aortic augmentation index (%)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.299, pro-inflammatory diet = − 0.064

MAP (mm Hg)

Anti-inflammatory diet = − 0.011, pro-inflammatory diet = 0.079

49

Cantero et al. 2017

Cross-sectional

Spain

55–80

F/M

794

F (NR)

M (NR)

FFQ

794

–

NR

BMI (kg/m²)

Morbidity

–

Continues

Pearson coefficient (r)

0.130

8

NR

50

Tabung et al. 2017

Cross-sectional

USA

25–42

F

3985

FFQ

3985

–

38

Adiponectin

Morbidity

–

Continues

Pearson coefficient (r)

− 0.10

8

NR

40–75

M

4176

4176

− 0.05

58

Abdurahman et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Iran

19–59

F/M

277

F (233)

M (44)

FFQ

176

–

32

MUO

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (7.98) vs. Quartile 1 (− 8.87)

Categorical

OR

2.58 (1.19, 5.59)

8

2, 3, 9, 17, 65

-

Continues (per one quartile)

1.18 (1.01, 1.39)

NR

Abdominal obesity

Quartile 4 (7.98) vs. Quartile 1 (− 8.87)

Categorical

0.58 (0.16, 2.05)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.91 (0.73, 1.14)

NR

Low HDL-C

Quartile 4 (7.98) vs. Quartile 1 (− 8.87)

Categorical

1.19 (0.55, 2.57)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

1.01 (0.87, 1.18)

NR

Hyper- triglyceridemia

Quartile 4 (7.98) vs. Quartile 1 (− 8.87)

Categorical

1.66 (0.82, 3.37)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

1.11 (0.95, 1.13)

NR

HTN

Quartile 4 (7.98) vs. Quartile 1 (− 8.87)

Categorical

1.66 (0.83, 3.34)

–

Continues (per one quartile)

1.11 (0.96, 1.29)

NR

Hyperglycemia

Quartile 4 (7.98) vs. Quartile 1 (− 8.87)

Categorical

1.89 (0.92, 3.91)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

59

Andrade et al. 2018

Cohort

Brazil

43.0

F

132

24-h dietary recall

132

0.5

21

Postoperative weight (kg)

Morbidity

-

Continues (Per one unit)

β-coefficient

2.02 (0.33, 3.70)

7

1, 9

Postoperative body fat mass (kg)

1.78 (0.51, 3.04)

60

Aslani et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Iran

6–18

F/M

5427

F (2,541)

M (2,886)

FFQ

5427

–

25

BMI z-score

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

β-coefficient

0.07 (0.01, 0.14)

8

2, 9, 11, 17, 36, 41

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.01 (-0.002, 0.04)

Wrist Circumference (cm)

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

0.06 (− 0.09, 0.21)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.08)

NC (cm)

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

− 0.08 (− 0.43, 0.26)

–

Continues (per one quartile)

0.00 (− 0.11, 0.11)

WC (cm)

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

0.89 (0.07, 1.70)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.27 (0.01, 0.53)

HC (cm)

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

1.13 (0.29, 1.96)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.39 (0.13, 0.65)

WHR

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

− 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.002)

WHtR

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

0.004 (− 0.01, 0.02)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.002 (− 0.04, 0.009)

Parental BMI (kg/m²)

Quartile 4 (1.50 to 4.26) vs. Quartile 1 (− 4.42 to − 1.63)

Categorical

1.05 (0.61, 1.49)

-

Continues (per one quartile)

0.34 (0.20, 0.48)

61

Carvalho

et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Brazil

23–25

F

1,034

FFQ

110

–

35

Insulin resistance

Morbidity

-

Continues (per one unit)

PR

0.96 (0.87, 1.07)

7

9, 53

67

MetS

1.05 (0.91, 1.20)

M

942

134

Insulin resistance

0.98 (0.89, 1.08)

180

MetS

0.98 (0.91, 1.07)

62

Phillips et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Ireland

50–69

F/M

1992

F (1016)

M (976)

FFQ

NR

–

26

MetS

Morbidity

 < Median DII (− 5.10 to − 1.28) vs  > Median DII (− 1.28 to 3.68)

Categorical

OR

1.37 (1.01, 1.88)

8

2, 9, 17, 66

large VLDL particles (nmol/L)

1.28 (1.07, 1.54)

small HDL particle size (nmol/L)

1.45 (1.21, 1.74)

small LDL particle size (nmol/L)

1.54 (1.28, 1.84)

Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance score

1.24 (1.10, 1.50)

63

Correa-Rodríguez et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Spain

18–25

F/M

599

F (414)

M (185)

72-h dietary recall

599

–

25

BMI (kg/m²)

Morbidity

–

Continues (per one unit)

β-coefficient

− 0.073 (− 0.487, 0.026)

7

1, 9, 17

FM (kg)

− 0.074 (− 1.052, 0.050)

PFM (%)

− 0.047 (0.845, 0.170)

FFM (kg)

− 0.059 (− 0.842, − 0.107)

VFR

− 0.017 (− 0.217, 0.142)

64

Denova-Gutiérrez et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Mexico

20–69

F/M

1174

F (515)

M (659)

Semi-quantitative FFQ

201

–

27

T2DM

Morbidity

Quintile 5 (NR) vs. Quintile 1 (NR)

Categorical

OR

3.02 (1.39, 6.58)

8

2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 17, 22, 25, 27, 36, 39, 66, 69

65

Abbasalizad Farhangi et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Iran

35–80

F

120

FFQ

120

–

28

HbA1C (%)

Morbidity

Quartile 4) − 29.83 to ≤− 15.05) vs. Quartile 1(− 0.19 to ≤ 7.01(

Categorical

β-coefficient

0.88 (0.59, 1. 31)

6

2, 6, 9, 17, 25, 67

TC (mg/dl)

0.67 (0.34, 1.37)

TG (mg/dl)

1.08 (0.94, 1.25)

LDL-C (mg/dl)

1.46 (0.72, 2.97)

HDL-C (mg/dl)

1.42 (0.70, 2.88)

Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dl)

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)

M

332

332

HbA1C (%)

0.89 (0.71–1.12)

TC (mg/dl)

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

TG (mg/dl)

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

LDL-C (mg/dl)

1.001 (0.98–1.02)

HDL-C (mg/dl)

 − 0.95 (0.91–1.00)

Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dl)

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

66

Luglio Muhammad et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Indonesia

19–56

F/M

503

FFQ

503

–

30

BMI (kg/m2)

Morbidity

–

Continues (per one unit)

β-coefficient (SE)

− 0.08 (0.036)

6

1, 2, 3, 9, 17

Body weight (kg)

− 0.03 (0.09)

Body fat (%)

− 0.04 (0.04)

WC (cm)

− 0.04 (0.09)

HC (cm)

− 0.04 (0.07)

SBP (mmHg)

0.03 (0.16)

DBP (mmHg)

0.04 (0.10)

TG (mmol/L)

0.04 (0.006)

HDL-C (mmol/L)

− 0.04 (0.004)

67

Alam et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Pakistan

54–95

M

651

24-dietary recall

651

–

NR

Body weight (kg)

Morbidity

-

Categorical

Tertile 3 (Mean ± SD)

69.05 ± 10.2

8

-

BMI (kg/m²)

24 ± 1.8

WC (cm)

85.5 ± 7.4

WHR

0.99 ± 0.11

68

Kim et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Korea

19–65

F

5609

24-h dietary recall

1044

–

23

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (≥ 1.28) vs. Quartile 1 (< -0.85)

Categorical

OR

1.35 (0.94, 1.94)

8

1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 25, 39

2092

Low HDL-C

0.85 (0.71, 1.04)

1060

Hyper- triglyceridemia

1.07 (0.84, 1.38)

1335

HTN

1.10 (0.87, 1.38)

1292

Hyperglycemia

0.95 (0.77, 1.18)

966

MetS

1.22 (0.91, 1.64)

M

3682

1010

Abdominal obesity

Q4 (≥ 1.89) vs. Q1 (< − 0.16)

1.07 (0.72, 1.61)

902

Low HDL-C

0.93 (0.71, 1.21)

1489

Hyper- triglyceridemia

1.22 (0.97, 1.53)

1429

HTN

1.14 (0.88, 1.46)

1384

Hyperglycemia

1.30 (1.02, 1.65)

1043

MetS

1.40 (1.06, 1.85)

69

Correa-Rodriguez et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Spain

9–17

F/M

428

F (242)

M (186)

24-h dietary recall

428

–

28

BMI z-score

Morbidity

–

Continues (per one unit)

β-coefficient

0.084 (− 0.015, 0.116)

7

1, 9, 17

WC (cm)

0.100 (− 0.060, 1.296)

WHtR

0.128 (0.001, 0.016)

WHR

0.004 (− 0.004, 0.004)

FM (kg)

0.069 (− 0.182, 0.859)

PFM (%)

0.050 (− 0.318, 0.885)

FFM (kg)

0.045 (− 0.240, 0.735)

SBP (msmHg)

0.010 (− 0.933, 1.114)

DBP (mmHg)

− 0.032 (− 0.960, 0.540)

70

Mazidi et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

USA

 ≥ 18

F/M

17,689

F (9,082)

M (8,607)

24-h dietary recall

NR

–

18

MetS

Morbidity

Q4 (1.62 to 4.24) vs. Q1 (− 5.66 to -1.04)

Categorical

OR

1.23 (1.07, 1.41)

8

1, 2, 7, 9, 17, 18, 25, 29

Obesity

1.28 (1.17, 1.52)

HTN

1.21 (1.02, 1.43)

71

Mirmajidi et al .2018

Cross-sectional

Iran

18–60

F/M

150

F (74)

M (76)

FFQ

150

34

BMI (kg/m²)

Morbidity

-

Continuous (per one unit)

β-coefficient

0.351 (0.258, 1.247)

6

1, 3, 9, 17

FBS (mg/dl)

0.402 (0.826, 3.040)

Insulin (mg/dl)

0.166 (− 0.425, 2.217)

HOMA-IR (mg/dl)

0.214 (− 0.038, 0.590)

HOMA-B (mg/dl)

0.112 (− 0.160, 0.433)

QUICKI

− 0.239 (− 0.009, 0.000)

Chemerin (ng/mL)

0.317 (59.09, 331.45)

Omentin (ng/ml)

− 0.192 (29.272, 3.405)

LBP (mg/ml)

0.223 (0.469, 3.146)

72

Moe San et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Myanmar

25–60

F

244

24-h dietary recall and Semi-quantitative FFQ

116

–

31

High BMI

Morbidity

Higher DII (> 1.07) vs. lower DII (< 1.07)

Categorical

OR

1.40 (0.80, 2.30)

6

2, 9, 29, 68

91

Abdominal obesity

1.40 (0.80, 2.40)

196

Body fat mass

1.10 (0.50, 2.10)

73

Nikniaz Et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Iran

18–64

F/M

606

F (324)

M (282)

FFQ

NR

–

30

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

Quartile 4 (NR) vs. Quartile 1 (NR)

Categorical

OR

0.86 (0.39, 1.91)

7

2, 3, 7, 9, 17

Low HDL-C

0.83 (0.44, 1.55)

Hyper- triglyceridemia

1.31 (0.66, 2.58)

HTN

1.18 (0.47, 2.96)

Hyperglycemia

2.56 (1.01, 7.05)

MetS

2.26 (1.03, 4.92)

75

Park et al. 2018

Cross-sectional

Korea

 ≥ 50

F

1344

24-h dietary recall

334

-

42

Osteopenic obesity

Morbidity

Higher DII (> − 0.07) vs. lower DII (≤ − 0.07)

Categorical

OR

2.757 (1.398, 5.438)

8

2, 7, 9, 25, 37, 53

110

Sarcopenic obesity

1.968 (0.951, 4.073)

445

Steosarcopenic obesity

2.186 (1.182, 4.044)

74

Shivappa et al. 2018

Case–control

Iran

18–40

F

388

FFQ

122

–

32

GDM

Morbidity

Tertile 3 (> − 0.38) vs. tertile 1 (≤ − 1.32)

Categorical

OR

2.10 (1.02, 4.34)

7

1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 27

-

Continuous (per one unit)

1.20 (0.94, 1.54)

45

Winkvist et al. 2018

Cohort

Sweden

30–60

F

8345

FFQ

NR

10

30

BMI (kg/m²)

Morbidity

-

Continuous (per one percent)

β-coefficient ± SE

0.000 ± 0.001

8

3, 7, 9, 25, 63

TG (mmol/l)

0.000 ± 0.000

TC (mmol/l)

0.000 ± 0.000

SBP (mmHg)

 − 0.006 ± 0.003

M

7641

BMI (kg/m²)

0.000 ± 0.001

TG (mmol/l)

0.000 ± 0.000

TC (mmol/l)

0.000 ± 0.000

SBP (mmHg)

− 0.001 ± 0.004

76

Ren et al. 2018^a

Cross- sectional

China

18–75

F/M

1712

F (1130)

M (582)

24-h dietary recall

NR

–

21

Abdominal obesity

Morbidity

Tertile 3 (1.12 to 3.49) vs. tertile 1 − 3.50 to 0.04)

Categorical

OR

0.86 (0.59–1.24)

8

2, 7, 9, 17, 25

-

Continues (per one unit)

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

Low HDL-C

Tertile 3 (1.12 to 3.49) vs. tertile 1 − 3.50 to 0.04)

Categorical

1.17 (0.88–1.56)

-

Continues (per one unit)

1.02 (0.92–1.12)

Hyper- triglyceridemia

Tertile 3 (1.12 to 3.49) vs. tertile 1 − 3.50 to 0.04)

Categorical

1.03 (0.78–1.37)

-

Continues (per one unit)

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

HTN

Tertile 3 (1.12 to 3.49) vs. tertile 1 -3.50 to 0.04)

Categorical

1.40 (1.03–1.89)

-

Continues (per one unit)

1.06 (0.96–1.18)

Hyperglycemia

Tertile 3 (1.12 to 3.49) vs. tertile 1 − 3.50 to 0.04)

Categorical

0.85 (0.64–1.14)

-

Continues (per one unit)

0.91 (0.82–1.00)

MetS

Tertile 3 (1.12 to 3.49) vs. tertile 1 − 3.50 to 0.04)

Categorical

1.02 (0.75–1.40)

-

Continues (per one unit)

0.93 (0.83–1.04)