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Table 1 Pre- and post-treatment characteristics among study groups

From: Effect of supplementation with vitamins D3 and K2 on undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

Variable

Treatment

Pre-treatment

Post-treatment

  

Mean ± SD

p value

Mean ± SD

p value

Age (years)c

D

55.31 ± 8.85

0.889a

NA

K

55.42 ± 12.62

 

D+K

57.08 ± 9.59

 

Alcohol consumptiond

D

62.5 (10)

0.405b

NA

K

41.7 (5)

 

D+K

66.7 (8)

 

Smokingd

D

6.3 (1)

0.311b

NA

K

25 (3)

 

D+K

25 (3)

 

Physical activityd

D

50 (8)

0.574b

NA

K

33.3 (4)

 

D+K

33.3 (4)

 

Weight (kg)c

D

82.09 ± 18.16

0.670a

80.56 ± 16.58

0.775a

K

76.08 ± 20.86

 

75.80 ± 20.26

 

D+K

77.62 ± 15.64

 

78.58 ± 15.31

 

BMI (kg/m2)c

D

30.23 ± 6.25

 

29.71 ± 5.93

0.770a

K

28.49 ± 7.44

 

28.38 ± 7.14

 

D+K

27.91 ± 4.55

0.586a

28.26 ± 4.42

 

Muscle (%)c

D

51.38 ± 9.28

0.337a

51.29 ± 8.45

0.370a

K

46.01 ± 9.27

 

46.18 ± 10.00

 

D+K

50.48 ± 10.88

 

50.79 ± 11.69

 

Fat (%)c

D

32.34 ± 10.69

0.875a

33.62 ± 9.74

0.795a

K

34.38 ± 9.89

 

34.78 ± 9.61

 

D+K

34.24 ± 14.67

 

31.98 ± 11.32

 

SBP (mmHg)c

D

132.25 ± 16.60

0.870a

128.38 ± 16.13

0.914a

K

132.33 ± 27.19

 

130.17 ± 18.33

 

D+K

136.33 ± 23.18

 

126.92 ± 22.22

 

DBP (mmHg)c

D

87.81 ± 13.49

0.252a

85.31 ± 14.85

0.138a

K

81.17 ± 14.14

 

78.17 ± 8.79

 

D+K

80.92 ± 8.35

 

76.67 ± 10.67

 

Glucose (mg/dL)c

D

132.37 ± 18.71

0.627a

117.50 ± 17.50

0.520a

K

144.17 ± 35.76

 

130.25 ± 29.70

 

D+K

138.25 ± 40.65

 

123.58 ± 39.05

 

Insulin (ng/dL)c

D

92.24 ± 50.13

0.603a

94.03 ± 49.89

0.363a

K

108.60 ± 54.59

 

85.17 ± 43.59

 

D+K

114.32 ± 76.68

 

113.75 ± 55.41

 

cOC (ng(dL)c

D

0.809 ± 0.726

0.193a

0.986 ± 0.626

0.131a

K

0.818 ± 0.567

 

1.224 ± 1.092

 

D+K

0.441 ± 0.304

 

0.611 ± 0.278

 

uOC (ng/dL)c

D

3.326 ± 1.774

0.097a

2.525 ± 1.566

0.754a

K

2.534 ± 1.616

 

2.355 ± 1.236

 

D+K

2.046 ± 1.010

 

2.136 ± 1.119

 

HOMA-IRc

D

29.44 ± 14.99

0.333a

26.78 ± 13.30

0.406a

K

41.60 ± 28.22

 

28.66 ± 19.96

 

D+K

39.06 ± 25.39

 

35.84 ± 21.12

 

%FPβCc

D

546.33 ± 427.38

0.776a

237.90 ± 89.21

0.301a

K

514.79 ± 204.01

 

174.21 ± 04.77

 

D+K

622.40 ± 444.25

 

281.51 ± 87.39

 

Cholesterol (mg/dL)c

D

195.88 ± 36.73

0.801a

198.00 ± 48.66

0.789a

K

197.08 ± 41.52

 

206.08 ± 34.18

 

D+K

204.50 ± 25.94

 

194.92 ± 36.24

 

Triglycerides (mg/dL)c

D

202.50 ± 142.56

0.856a

221.75 ± 115.46

0.155a

K

180.67 ± 115.08

 

188.08 ± 79.55

 

D+K

179.42 ± 106.34

 

154.83 ± 44.37

 

VLDL (mg/dL)c

D

40.19 ± 28.78

0.875a

44.35 ± 23.09

0.155a

K

36.13 ± 23.02

 

37.62 ± 15.91

 

D+K

35.88 ± 21.27

 

30.97 ± 8.87

 
  1. NA not applicable, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance,  % FPβC percentage of functional pancreatic beta cells, VLDL very low density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation
  2. aMean values were compared using ANOVA test
  3. bNumber of individuals were compared by Chi square test
  4. cData presented as average and standard deviation
  5. dData presented as percentage and number