The effect of crocin supplementation on glycemic control, insulin resistance and active AMPK levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study

Table 2 changes in clinical and paraclinical tests

Variables	Group	Before	After	Mean changes (95% CIs)	P value^a	P value^b
SBP (mmHg)	Crocin	133.86 ± 12.83	123.06 ± 17.12	− 10.8 (− 16.79, − 4.58)	0.002	0.092
SBP (mmHg)	Control	128.27 ± 18.49	126.06 ± 19.64	− 2.2 (− 6.21, 1.47)	0.298	0.092
DBP (mmHg)	Crocin	79.92 ± 8.22	77.2 1± 10.55	− 2.7 (− 6.59, 1.52)	0.149	0.750
DBP (mmHg)	Control	78.95 ± 14.64	77.25 ± 12.44	− 1.7 (− 6.97, 3.19)	0.758	0.750
FBS (mg/dL)	Crocin	148.73 ± 30.07	129.26 ± 29.31	− 19.47 (− 30.23, − 8.32)	0.002	0.015
FBS (mg/dL)	Control	157.18 ± 63.29	160.18 ± 57.34	3 (− 22.19, 23.55)	0.249	0.015
Insulin (mU/L)	Crocin	17.27 ± 7.14	13.51 ± 4.62	− 3.75 (− 6.16, − 1.33)	0.021	0.046
Insulin (mU/L)	Control	14.95 ± 5.52	15.2 5± 5.04	0.29 (− 1.28, 2.29)	0.931	0.046
QUICKI	Crocin	0.12 ± 0.008	0.13 ± 0.007	0.006 (0.003, 0.009)	0.001	0.001
QUICKI	Control	0.13 ± 0.007	0.13 ± 0.007	− 0.0009 (− 0.003, 0.001)	0.433	0.001
HOMA−IR	Crocin	6.33 ± 2.85	4.34 ± 1.95	− 1.99 (−2.95, −1.07)	0.001	0.001
HOMA−IR	Control	5.74 ± 2.85	5.86 ± 2.43	0.11 (− 0.64, 0.85)	0.858	0.001
HOMA−β	Crocin	81.75 ± 42.49	92.99 ± 70.92	11.24 (− 13.98, 39)	0.330	0.930
HOMA−β	Control	81.67 ± 60.54	88.45 ± 91.08	6.77 (− 12.07, 27.63)	0.910	0.930
HbA1c	Crocin	7.80 ± 1..29	7.36 ± 1.47	− 0.44 (− 0.90, − 0.02)	0.071	0.045
HbA1c	Control	7.61 ± 1.62	7.86 ± 1.75	0.25 (− 0.22, 0.71)	0.303	0.045
pAMPK (pg/mg protein)	Crocin	34.55 ± 53.52	18.20 ± 7.69	− 16.34 (− 40.64, 0.56)	0.378	0.433
pAMPK (pg/mg protein)	Control	27.72 ± 20.57	20.14 ± 10.81	− 7.57 (− 18.5, 1.74)	0.131	0.433

SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBS fasting blood sugar, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, pAMPK phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
^aBased on paired t test for within group comparison
^bBased on ANCOVA model that regressed changes from baseline on treatment group, baseline value of the outcome and height

ISSN: 1758-5996