Maternal factors associated with hyperglycemia in pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: a Brazilian reference center cohort study

Table 2 Perinatal outcomes according to glucose status

Perinatal outcomes	GDM	MGH	ND	p-value*
Perinatal outcomes	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	p-value*
Male	107 (51.69)	75 (56.39)	119 (51.97)	0.6530
C-section	140 (67.63)	89 (66.92)	132 (57.64)	0.0614
First C-section	52 (37.14)a	34 (38.20)b	76 (57.58)c	0.0014
GA < 37 weeks	20 (9.66)	5 (3.76)	14 (6.11)	0.0931
Apgar score 5th min < 7	7 (3.38)	3 (2.27)	9 (4.04)	0.6740
Apgar score 10th min < 7	1 (0.48)	0 (0.00)	1 (0.45)	0.7352
Birthweight (g)/GA				0.0007
SGA	12 (5.83)	13 (10.16)	33 (14.54)
AGA	174 (84.47)	93 (72.66)	180 (79.30)
LGA	20 (9.71)a	22 (17.19)b	14 (6.17)a
Macrosomia	17 (8.21)a	19 (14.39)b	13 (5.68)a	0.0171
Cephal/Abdom < 1.0	5 (2.45)	4 (3.13)	7 (3.10)	0.9047
Ponderal index ≥ 2.98	62 (30.10)	50 (38.76)	60 (26.55)	0.0548
BW/GA Z-score > 2.0	9 (4.37)a	7 (5.43)a	1 (0.44)b	0.0115
Placental index > 0.21	38 (19.29)	18 (14.63)	32 (15.61)	0.4733
Malformation	5 (2.53)	5 (3.97)	6 (2.84)	0.7488
Umbilical cord blood
Hematocrit > 65.0%	4 (2.16)	3 (2.75)	0 (0.00)	0.0810
Hematocrit > 55.0%	36 (19.46)a	12 (11.01)b	18 (8.96)b	0.0073
Bilirubin > 4.0 mg/dL	8 (4.21)	3 (2.61)	7 (3.37)	0.7542
Resuscitation at birth	39 (18.93)	21 (16.03)	38 (16.74)	0.7496
Respiratory distress^a	15 (7.69)	9 (7.44)	13 (6.53)	0.8986
Phototherapy	54 (27.14)	30 (24.39)	52 (25.49)	0.8513
Sepsis	1 (0.51)	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0.4395
NICU	6 (2.97)	0 (0.00)	7 (3.23)	0.1330
Perinatal death	0 (0.00)	1 (0.82)	1 (0.51)	0.4908
Hospital stay ≥ 4 days	55 (27.92)	25 (20.83)	54 (25.23)	0.3708
Any APO^b	62 (29.9)	50 (37.6)	60 (26.2)	0.07465

GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, MGH mild gestational hyperglycemia, ND nondiabetes, GA gestational age, SGA small for gestational age, AGA adequate for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age, Cephal/Abdom cephalic/abdominal perimeter ratio, BW birthweight, NICU neonatal intensive care unit
^aRespiratory distress—respiratory distress syndrome or meconium aspiration syndrome or persistent pulmonary hypertension or transient tachypnoea of the newborn
^bAny adverse perinatal outcome (APO)—any of the following: preterm delivery, LGA, macrosomia, ponderal index ≥ 2.98, Apgar 5th min < 7, malformation, hospital stay ≥ 4 days or perinatal death [fetal OR neonatal until the 28th day]
* Chi squared or Fisher’s exact tests; for each specific variable, values followed by the same letter (a, b or c) are not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05); significant values are highlighted in italic

ISSN: 1758-5996