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Table 2 Effects of melatonin on diabetic retinopathy reported by various investigations

From: Melatonin: new insights on its therapeutic properties in diabetic complications

Type of study

Route of administration

Treatment duration

Target

Effect(s)

Refs.

In vivo dose (animal)

In vitro concentration (cell type)

10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats)

–

Intraperitoneal

7 days

MAPK pathway, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3

Anti-apoptotic effects, Anti-inflammatory effects

[107]

10 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats)

–

Intraperitoneal

4 weeks

HIF-1α, VEGF-A, PEDF

Antioxidant effects

[110]

20 mg (male Wistar rats)

–

Subcutaneous pellet

12 weeks

NOS, TNF-α, CAT,

Protective effects on the retina against the alterations

[196]

20 mg/kg/day (male WISTAR rats)

–

Oral

7 weeks

MDA, ROS

Protective effects on the retina against the alterations

[108]

10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats)

–

Intraperitoneal

12 weeks

glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), Nrf2, TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB

Anti-inflammatory effects, Antioxidant effects

[106]

–

10 nM–0.1 mM (Müller cells)

–

48 h

VEGF, Akt

Antioxidant effects

[105]