Table 1 Investigations on melatonin and diabetic cardiomyopathy
From: Melatonin: new insights on its therapeutic properties in diabetic complications
Type of study | Route of melatonin administration | Treatment duration | Target | Effect | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vivo dose (animal) | In vitro concentration (cell type) | |||||
50 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 56 days | mTOR signaling SOD CAT GPx | Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects | [74] |
50 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 56 days | VEGF-A | Antioxidant effects Preventive effects on cardiac hypertrophy | [85] |
20 mg/kg/day (Parkin−/− mice) | – | Oral | 4 weeks | Mst1, LC3 II | Up-regulated mitophagy | [86] |
20 mg/kg/day (SykCKOmice) | – | ND | 12 weeks | Syk/MC1/SERCA pathway | Antioxidant effects Anti-apoptotic effects | [82] |
10 mg/kg/day SIRT1−/− mice | 100 μmol/L (cardiomyocytes) | Intraperitoneal | 10 weeks | SIRT1‐PGC1α pathway | Preventive effects on mitochondrial fission | [81] |
10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | – | Oral | 24 weeks | PERK, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 | Anti-apoptotic effects Anti-ER stress effects | [83] |
20 mg/kg/day (C57BL/6 wild type mice) | 100 μM (cardiomyocytes) | Oral | 4 weeks | Mst1/Sirt3, LC3-II | Up-regulated autophagy Anti-apoptotic effects | [87] |
10 mg/kg/day (male Wistar rats) | – | Oral | 21 days | Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 | Antioxidant effects | [78] |
10 mg/kg/day (female Wistar strain rats) | – | Intraperitoneal | 6 weeks | MDA GSH SOD | Antioxidant effects | [77] |
10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | 10 μmol/l (H9c2) | Oral (for 5 days before the surgery) Intraperitoneal (once 10 min before the reperfusion) | 5 days | AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling | Ameliorative effects on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion | [79] |
10 mg/kg/day (male Sprague–Dawley rats) | 10 μM (H9c2) | Oral (for 5 days before the surgery) Intraperitoneal (once 10 min before the reperfusion) | 5 days | cGMP-PKGIα, Nrf-2-HO-1, and MAPK signaling pathways | Ameliorative effects on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion Anti-apoptosis effects Antioxidant effects | [80] |
10 mg/kg/day (female C57BL/6 mice) | – | Intraperitoneal | Until the end of gestation | IRS-1/Akt signaling | Ameliorative effects on myocardial ischemia–reperfusion in diabetic pregnancy | [84] |