Table 1 Physical and metabolic characteristics of the study sample (n = 221 men)

Anthropometrics

Age (years)

35.3 ± 12.5

38.7 ± 11.2

56.8 ± 6.3^a,b

BMI (kg/m²)

25.9 ± 4.5

31.5 ± 4.6^a

31.2 ± 4.9^a

Waist circumference (cm)

93 ± 14

109 ± 13^a

106 ± 14^a

Glucose homeostasis

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.0 ± 0.5

5.3 ± 0.5^a

8.5 ± 2.1^a,b

HbA1c (%)

–

–

7.0 ± 1.2

HOMA-IR

1.9 ± 0.4

4.5 ± 1.4^a

–

Insulin (pmol/L)

58 ± 12

133 ± 39^a

119 ± 69^a,b

Lipid profile

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2^a

1.0 ± 0.2^a

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.1 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 1.1^a

TG (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 1.0^a

2.7 ± 1.5^a,b

hsCRP (mg/L)

2.1 ± 2.2

4.0 ± 3.9

3.5 ± 4.0

Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/m²)

104 ± 15

100 ± 13

94 ± 10^a,b