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Table 2 Characteristics of the Indonesian and Dutch Cohorts (adult population aged 45–65)

From: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with body fat distribution in middle-aged individuals from Indonesia and the Netherlands: a cross-sectional analysis of two population-based studies

 

Indonesian (n = 10,575)

Dutch (n = 6602)

Men

Women

Men

Women

n (%)

39.4 (0.6)

60.6 (0.6)

43.8 (0.9)

56.2 (0.9)

Age (years)

53.7 ± 6.5

52.2 ± 5.8

56.0 ± 6.3

55.4 ± 5.8

High education (> 12 years of education) (%)

6.9 (0.6)

4.0 (0.4)

47.9 (1.3)

44.4 (1.3)

Smoking status: (%) current smoker

63.6 (1.1)

4.4 (0.5)

18.3 (1.0)

14.2 (0.9)

Physically active (%)

74.8 (1.1)

80.5 (0.8)

67.7 (1.2)

75.4 (1.1)

Alcohol intake (g/day)a

–

–

16.2 (5.7, 28.1)

7.6 (1.5, 14.8)

Menopausal status: (%) postmenopausal

–

–

–

60.2 (1.2)

Urban (%)

46.2 (1.1)

51.8 (0.9)

–

–

Rural (%)

53.8 (1.1)

48.2 (0.9)

–

–

Socio-economic status: (%) highest

20.4 (1.1)

19.0 (1.0)

–

–

BMI (kg/m2)

22.6 ± 3.9

24.4 ± 4.6

26.9 ± 3.9

25.9 ± 4.7

Waist circumference (cm)

79.0 ± 11.1

81.8 ± 11.7

98.4 ± 11.4

87.3 ± 12.6

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133.4 ± 22.3

136.4 ± 23.4

134.4 ± 16.1

126.9 ± 16.9

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

82.9 ± 13.0

86.8 ± 12.8

84.8 ± 10.5

81.9 ± 9.9

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)+

6.0 ± 1.8

6.1 ± 2.1

5.7 ± 1.2

5.3 ± 0.8

2-h post-prandial glucose (mmol/L)

8.0 ± 3.2

8.7 ± 3.2

–

–

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 1.1

1.4 ± 0.8

1.4 ± 1.0

1.1 ± 0.7

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.4

1.7 ± 0.4

LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.4 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 0.9

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.0 ± 1.1

5.3 ± 1.1

5.5 ± 1.1

5.8 ± 1.0

Total body fat (%)

–

–

25.0 ± 6.1

36.9 ± 6.4

Fat mass (kg)

–

–

22.6 ± 9.1

27.5 ± 9.9

Lean body mass (kg)

–

–

65.4 ± 7.2

44.8 ± 4.3

Use of anti-hypertensive medication (%)

4.4 (0.4)

7.7 (0.5)

24.2 (1.0)

22.7 (1.0)

Use of oral anti-diabetic medication (%)

2.9 (0.3)

3.5 (0.4)

2.4 (0.2)

1.6 (0.2)

Use of insulin injection (%)

0.4 (0.1)

0.5 (0.2)

0.4 (0.2)

0.3 (0.1)

Use of lipid-lowering agents (%)

–

–

14.9 (0.8)

7.4 (0.6)

Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (%)

1.1 (0.2)

1.4 (0.2)

7.5 (0.7)

4.2 (0.5)

Pre-existing stroke (%)

1.2 (0.2)

1.4 (0.3)

2.0 (0.4)

2.1 (0.4)

Pre-existing diabetes (%)

3.9 (0.4)

4.6 (0.4)

4.3 (0.4)

3.1 (0.3)

Diabetes diagnosis—ADA criteria (fasting glucose)

9.6 (0.6)

11.3 (0.6)

6.1 (0.5)

3.2 (0.3)

  1. Data were presented in mean ± SD or % (SE). Results were based on analyses weighted towards geographical density across 33 provinces (in the Indonesian population) and towards a normal BMI distribution (in the Dutch population)
  2. aIndicating a not normal distribution; presented in median (25th, 75th percentiles)
  3. Waist circumference cut-off: ≥ 90 cm in Asian men and ≥ 80 cm in Asian women; ≥ 102 cm in European men and ≥ 88 cm in European women)
  4. BMI overweight cut-off: ≥ 23 kg/m2 in Asian and ≥ 25 kg/m2 in European population
  5. Impaired Fasting Glucose cut-off: ≥ 5.6 mmol/L
  6. ADA Criteria: Fasting Glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L or 2-h postprandial glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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