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Table 3 Comparisons among DD levels, anxiety and depressive symptoms according to regimen of insulin (IR 1: n = 26, IR 2: n = 29, IR 3: n = 15)—Anova

From: Relatively young T1D adults using fixed doses of insulin have higher diabetes distress levels in a sample of patients from a Brazilian tertiary hospital

Variable

Mean ± SD/median

p-value

DDS

 IR 1

46.31 ± 23.69/43.00

0.0392*

 IR 2

38.45 ± 18.01/33.00

 

 IR 3

28.00 ± 11.21/25.00

 

DDS-S1

 

 IR 1

16.58 ± 8.74/15.00

0.0383*

 IR 2

13.52 ± 8.62/10.00

 

 IR 3

9.53 ± 6.08/8.00

 

DDS-S2

 IR 1

6.92 ± 5.02/4.50

0.4587

 IR 2

6.10 ± 3.78/4.00

 

 IR 3

5.67 ± 3.66/4.00

 

DDS-S3

 IR 1

18.15 ± 8.07/17.50

0.0043**

 IR 2

13.79 ± 7.08/15.00

 

 IR 3

9.80 ± 5.73/8.00

 

DDS-S4

  

 IR 1

7.31 ± 4.97/5.50

0.4053

 IR 2

5.24 ± 3.58/3.00

 

 IR 3

5.69 ± 3.07/4.00

 

HAD-A

 IR 1

8.23 ± 5.84/6.00

0.5052

 IR 2

7.48 ± 4.70/7.00

 

 IR 3

7.80 ± 4.02/7.00

 

HAD-D

 IR 1

7.23 ± 5.29/6.00

0.7756

 IR 2

6.90 ± 5.21/7.00

 

 IR 3

5.60 ± 4.58/5.00

 
  1. IR 1—patients using fixed doses of insulin (basal/bolus), IR 2—patients using fixed doses of insulin (basal/bolus) plus pre-prandial correction of glycemia, IR 3—patients using variable doses of insulin (basal/bolus), according to carbohydrates counting plus pre-prandial correction of glycemia. * IR 1 DD > IR 3 DD; ** IR 1 DD and IR 2 DD > IR 3DD. DDS: Diabetes Distress Scale-total score; DDS-S1: emotional burden; DDS-S2: physician distress; DDS-S3: regimen distress; DDS-S4: interpersonal distress; HAD-A: anxiety symptoms (anxiety subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); HAD-D: depressive symptoms (depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Values expressed as mean, SD (standard deviation), and median