Zinc supplementation improves body weight management, inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in individuals with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial

Table 4 Biochemical markers and appetite in the Zinc and Placebo groups

Variables	Zinc group			Placebo group			p-value
Variables	Baseline	Week 15	Mean change	Baseline	Week 15	Mean change	P²	P³	P⁴	P⁵
Zinc (µg/dL)¹	65.2 ± 5.9	75.4 ± 8.2	10.2 ± 6.8	71.15 ± 13.2	68.15 ± 10	− 3 ± 13.1	0.086	0.018	0.0001	0.002
P¹	0.0001			0.296			0.086	0.018	0.0001	0.002
hs-CRP (mg/L)¹	5.27 ± 2.93^b	3.37 ± 2.24	− 1.89 ± 1.60	4.75 ± 2.28	3.98 ± 2.04	− 0.07 ± 1.8	0.124	0.064	0.0001	0.0001
P¹	0.0001			0.60			0.124	0.064	0.0001	0.0001
TNF-α (pg/ml) ²	32.41 (10.92, 708.48) ^a	30.43 (11.79, 546.19)	− 1.98	26.07 (13.19, 67.47)	25.07 (9.62, 94.65)	− 1.0	0.170	0.238	0.293	0.723
P¹	0.473			0.451			0.170	0.238	0.293	0.723
Apelin (pg/ml)²	1568.20 (1119, 3282)	1245.13 (482, 2087)	− 323.07	1493.45 (505, 4467)	1683.32 (963, 3804)	189.87	0.805	0.017	0.002	0.001
P¹	0.042			0.001			0.805	0.017	0.002	0.001
FBS (mg/dL)¹	86.83 ± 11.94	83.50 ± 7.36	− 3.33 ± 6.56	86.90 ± 9.93	86.90 ± 13.42	0.00 ± 6.00	0.983	0.343	0.102	0.088
P¹	0.046			1.00			0.983	0.343	0.102	0.088
Insulin (microU/L)²	5.91 (1.7,18.60)	4.05 (1,9.1)	− 1.86	5.07 (1.8, 22.6)	5.08 (1.7, 27.2)	0.01	0.135	0.33	0.019	0.073
P¹	0.002			0.735			0.135	0.33	0.019	0.073
HOMA-IR²	1.35 (0.37, 2.81)	0.83 (0.21, 2.27)	− 0.52	1.02 (0.41, 5.88)	1.08 (0.33, 9.27)	0.06	0.160	0.294	0.011	0.031
P¹	0.0001			0.757			0.160	0.294	0.011	0.031
NPY (ng/l)²	306.1 (178.8, 1540.5)	273.8 (170.1, 1022.8)	− 32.27	400.9 (198.9, 2239.2)	411.6 (180.6, 1900.9)	10.72	0.147	0.037	0.048	0.151
P¹	0.114			0.243			0.147	0.037	0.048	0.151
Appetite¹	16.00 ± 2.11	13.77 ± 2.36	− 2.22 ± 2.81	15.50 ± 1.80	15.45 ± 1.59	− 0.04 ± 1.59	0.426	0.011	0.007	0.001
P¹	0.004			0.892			0.426	0.011	0.007	0.001

^aValues are geometric mean (minimum, maximum)
^bValues are mean ± SD
P¹: p-values for comparison of variables within groups by Paired T-test
P²: p-values for comparison of variables between two groups by independent T-test at baseline
P³: p-values for comparison of variables between two group by independent T-test at week15
P⁴: p-values for comparison of mean change of variables between two group by independent T-test
P⁵: p-values for comparison between mean changes of variables by Analysis of covariance (adjusted for age, and mean change of calorie intake)

ISSN: 1758-5996