Table 1 General characteristics of 1325 study participants in case and control group
| Variables | DN patients (n = 660) | Normal controls (n = 665) | p-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), mean ± SD | 65.8 ± 13.8 | 66.3 ± 14.3 | 0.517 |
| Gender, N (%) | 0.652 | ||
| Males, N (%) | 378 (57.3) | 389 (58.5) | |
| Females, N (%) | 282 (42.7) | 276 (41.5) | |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 238 (36.1) | 195 (29.3) | 0.009 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 24.3 ± 8.4 | 23.7 ± 8.1 | 0.186 |
| Smoking, N (%) | 0.062 | ||
| Never smoking | 435 (65.9) | 470 (70.7) | |
| Ever or current smoking | 225 (34.1) | 195 (29.3) | |
| Alcohol drinking, N (%) | 0.0033 | ||
| Never drinking | 408 (61.8) | 462 (69.5) | |
| Ever or current drinking | 252 (38.2) | 203 (30.5) | |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 9.3 ± 3.9 | 9.1 ± 3.7 | 0.338 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.57 ± 3.23 | 8.28 ± 3.25 | 0.029 |
| Duration of diabetes | 10.1 ± 4.4 | 9.8 ± 4.7 | 0.231 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.24 ± 0.37 | 1.12 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 |
| Urea (mg/dl) | 40.5 ± 15.1 | 35.3 ± 14.3 | < 0.001 |
| ACR (μg/mg) | 82.34 ± 33.8 | 22.8 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 |