Patients with normal homocysteine (group 1; n = 140) | Patients with high homocysteine (group 2; n = 160) | Statistical analysis | Significance (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61.4 ± 0.9 | 64.1 ± 1.0 | t = − 2.015 | p = 0.045 |
Gender, male [n (%)] | 67 (47.9%) | 115 (71.9%) | χ2 = 18.050 | p < 0.001 |
Smokers [n (%)] | 58/137 (42.3%) | 85/155 (54.8%) | χ2 = 4.549 | p = 0.033 |
Never smokers [n (%)] | 79/137 (57.7%) | 70/155 (45.2%) | ||
Pack-years (n) | 11.6 ± 1.9 | 19.4 ± 2.5 | t = − 2.464 | p = 0.014 |
a | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 104.1 ± 1.1 | 105.3 ± 1.1 | F = 0.62 | p = 0.432 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 0.5 | 30.0 ± 0.5 | F = 0.20 | p = 0.659 |
SBP (mmHg) | 129.2 ± 1.2 | 130.9 ± 1.2 | F = 0.96 | p = 0.328 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.3 ± 0.8 | 79.0 ± 0.8 | F = 0.04 | p = 0.837 |
MetS criteria (n) | ||||
3 | 60 (42.9%) | 60 (37.5%) | χ2 = 6.723 | p = 0.035 |
4 | 63 (45.0%) | 62 (38.7%) | ||
5 | 17 (12.1%) | 38 (23.8%) | ||
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 113.0 ± 3.4 | 116.1 ± 3.4 | F = 0.41 | p = 0.521 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 45.6 ± 1.2 | 43.9 ± 1.2 | F = 0.97 | p = 0.324 |
C-peptide (ng/ml) | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | F = 7.10 | p = 0.008 |
Insulin (microUI/ml) | 11.4 ± 0.7 | 12.0 ± 0.7 | F = 0.30 | p = 0.587 |
HOMA Index | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | F = 0.79 | p = 0.376 |
Vitamin D (ng/ml) | 23.5 ± 0.9 | 21.0 ± 0.9 | F = 4.06 | p = 0.045 |
Folic acid (ng/ml) | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | F = 15.76 | p < 0.001 |
Vitamin B12 (pg/ml) | 414.6 ± 29.6 | 401.0 ± 28.8 | F = 0.11 | p = 0.744 |
e-GFR (ml/min) | 90.4 ± 1.2 | 81.3 ± 1.2 | F = 26.85 | p < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 0.93 ± 0.03 | F = 15.27 | p < 0.001 |
BUN (mg/dl) | 37.0 ± 1.2 | 44.8 ± 1.2 | F = 19.11 | p < 0.001 |
Uric acid (mg/dl) | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | F = 12.32 | p = 0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 163.4 ± 3.1 | 165.0 ± 3.1 | F = 0.14 | p = 0.705 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 85.9 ± 2.9 | 87.7 ± 2.9 | F = 0.19 | p = 0.662 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 53.6 ± 1.1 | 49.2 ± 1.1 | F = 4.10 | p = 0.044 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 122.1 ± 6.0 | 148.8 ± 5.9 | F = 9.50 | p = 0.002 |
Carotid atherosclerosisb [n (%)] | 111/133 (83.5%) | 139/154 (90.3%) | χ2 = 2.939 | p = 0.086 |
Carotid stenosis (%) | 19.1 ± 1.6 | 23.5 ± 1.4 | F = 4.19 | p = 0.042 |
IMT (mm) | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | F = 4.04 | p = 0.046 |