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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the total study population

From: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome

 

Patients with normal homocysteine (group 1; n = 140)

Patients with high homocysteine (group 2; n = 160)

Statistical analysis

Significance (p)

Age (years)

61.4 ± 0.9

64.1 ± 1.0

t = − 2.015

p = 0.045

Gender, male [n (%)]

67 (47.9%)

115 (71.9%)

χ2 = 18.050

p < 0.001

Smokers [n (%)]

58/137 (42.3%)

85/155 (54.8%)

χ2 = 4.549

p = 0.033

Never smokers [n (%)]

79/137 (57.7%)

70/155 (45.2%)

Pack-years (n)

11.6 ± 1.9

19.4 ± 2.5

t = − 2.464

p = 0.014

a

Waist circumference (cm)

104.1 ± 1.1

105.3 ± 1.1

F = 0.62

p = 0.432

BMI (kg/m2)

29.7 ± 0.5

30.0 ± 0.5

F = 0.20

p = 0.659

SBP (mmHg)

129.2 ± 1.2

130.9 ± 1.2

F = 0.96

p = 0.328

DBP (mmHg)

79.3 ± 0.8

79.0 ± 0.8

F = 0.04

p = 0.837

MetS criteria (n)

 3

60 (42.9%)

60 (37.5%)

χ2 = 6.723

p = 0.035

 4

63 (45.0%)

62 (38.7%)

 5

17 (12.1%)

38 (23.8%)

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

113.0 ± 3.4

116.1 ± 3.4

F = 0.41

p = 0.521

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

45.6 ± 1.2

43.9 ± 1.2

F = 0.97

p = 0.324

C-peptide (ng/ml)

2.0 ± 0.1

2.4 ± 0.1

F = 7.10

p = 0.008

Insulin (microUI/ml)

11.4 ± 0.7

12.0 ± 0.7

F = 0.30

p = 0.587

HOMA Index

3.1 ± 0.2

3.4 ± 0.2

F = 0.79

p = 0.376

Vitamin D (ng/ml)

23.5 ± 0.9

21.0 ± 0.9

F = 4.06

p = 0.045

Folic acid (ng/ml)

9.0 ± 0.4

6.7 ± 0.4

F = 15.76

p < 0.001

Vitamin B12 (pg/ml)

414.6 ± 29.6

401.0 ± 28.8

F = 0.11

p = 0.744

e-GFR (ml/min)

90.4 ± 1.2

81.3 ± 1.2

F = 26.85

p < 0.001

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.78 ± 0.03

0.93 ± 0.03

F = 15.27

p < 0.001

BUN (mg/dl)

37.0 ± 1.2

44.8 ± 1.2

F = 19.11

p < 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dl)

4.5 ± 0.1

5.0 ± 0.1

F = 12.32

p = 0.001

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

163.4 ± 3.1

165.0 ± 3.1

F = 0.14

p = 0.705

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

85.9 ± 2.9

87.7 ± 2.9

F = 0.19

p = 0.662

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

53.6 ± 1.1

49.2 ± 1.1

F = 4.10

p = 0.044

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

122.1 ± 6.0

148.8 ± 5.9

F = 9.50

p = 0.002

Carotid atherosclerosisb [n (%)]

111/133 (83.5%)

139/154 (90.3%)

χ2 = 2.939

p = 0.086

Carotid stenosis (%)

19.1 ± 1.6

23.5 ± 1.4

F = 4.19

p = 0.042

IMT (mm)

1.02 ± 0.01

1.10 ± 0.02

F = 4.04

p = 0.046

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SE or as frequency and percentage. Evaluation of group differences was done with Student’s t test and the Chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively
  2. A pack-year is defined as 20 cigarettes smoked every day for 1 year
  3. BMI Body Mass Index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HOMA (Homeostasis Model Assessment) Index: fasting glucose × fasting insulin/405, e-GFR glomerular filtration rate, BUN blood urea nitrogen, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, IMT Intima Media Thickness
  4. aAge, sex and smoking were used as covariates to perform further evaluations by general linear models. Therefore, from here, continuous variable values are expressed as corrected means, as estimated by the model
  5. bPatients showing an IMT greater than 0.9 mm and/or a carotid stenosis