Midnight salivary cortisol secretion and the use of antidepressants were associated with abdominal obesity in women with type 1 diabetes: a cross sectional study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and comparisons between 86 women and 104 men with T1D

	All patients	Women	Men	p ^a
N	190	86	104
Age (years)	43 (32, 51; 18–59)	42 (31, 50)	45 (32, 53)	0.11
Diabetes duration (years)	20 (11, 29; 1–55)	18 (10, 29)	21 (12, 33)	0.20
Abdominal obesity^b	29 (15)	21 (24)	8 (8)	0.002^c
General obesity^d	22 (12)	14 (16)	8 (8)	0.073^c
HbA1c
mmol/mol	63 (54, 71)	64 (54, 71)	62 (54, 68)	0.39
%	7.9 (7.1, 8.6)	8.0 (7.1, 8.7)	7.8 (7.1, 8.4)
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.6 (4.1, 5.1)	4.6 (4.1, 5.4)	4.6 (4.1, 5.1)	0.39
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.8 (2.4, 3.3)	2.7 (2.4, 3.3)	2.8 (2.4, 3.3)	0.97
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.9 (0.6, 1.2)	0.8 (0.6, 1.3)	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.83
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.6 (1.3, 1.8)	1.6 (1.4, 1.9)	1.5 (1.3, 1.7)	0.040
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	120 (115, 130)	120 (110, 130)	125 (120, 130)	0.006
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	70 (70, 75)	70 (65, 75)	70 (70, 80)	0.009
Hypoglycaemia (severe episodes)	9 (5)	5 (6)	4 (4)	0.73^c
Smoking^e	16 (9)	5 (6)	11 (11)	0.30^c
Physical inactivity^f	19 (10)	9 (11)	10 (10)	0.81^c
Physical activity (times/week)
> 5	63 (38)	32 (39)	37 (36)	0.74^g
3–5	59 (32)	27 (33)	32 (32)
1–2	36 (20)	14 (17)	22 (22)
< 1	19 (10)	9 (11)	10 (10)
Depression	20 (10)	8 (9)	12 (12)	0.64^c
Alexithymia	30 (16)	17 (20)	13 (12)	0.23^c
Antidepressants	13 (7)	9 (10)	4 (4)	0.087^c
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion	19 (10)	11 (13)	8 (8)	0.33^c
Lipid lowering drugs	91 (48)	39 (45)	52 (50)	0.56^c
Antihypertensive drugs	59 (31)	21 (24)	38 (36)	0.084^c
Cardiovascular complications	7 (4)	2 (2)	5 (5)	0.46^c

Data are n (%) or median (q₁, q₃; min–max). ^aMann–Whitney U test unless otherwise indicated. ^bWC (meters): women ≥ 0.88/men ≥ 1.02. ^cFisher’s exact test. ^dBMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Missing values (all/women/men): ^en = 5/3/2; ^fn = 7/4/3. ^gLinear-by-linear association

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