Effects of vitamin D supplementation on advanced glycation end products signaling pathway in T2DM patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial

Table 3 Comparison of the initial and final values of the variables under study in the two groups

Characteristics	Vitamin D group n = (23)	Placebo group N = (23)	P value
BMI (kg/m²)
Before	26.8 ± 1.4	27.5 ± 1.6	0.6
After	26.6 ± 1.3	27.3 ± 1.7	0.3
Difference	− 0.06 ± 0.12	− 0.06 ± 0.10	0.9
P value	0.6	0.4
WC (cm)
Before	96.6 ± 7.4	97.2 ± 8.5	0.8
After	96.5 ± 7.5	97.1 ± 8.4	0.8
Difference	− 0.13 ± 0.15	− 0.20 ± 0.21	0.8
P value	0.4	0.3
FBS (mg/dl)
Before	169.5 ± 35.5	186.5 ± 52.8	0.2
After	148.6 ± 36.3	179.6 ± 49.7	0.02
Difference	− 20.8 ± 6.3	− 6.8 ± 9.5	0.03
P value	0.003	0.4
TNF-α (ng/l)
Before	247.1 ± 71.4	279.3 ± 97.0	0.2
After	188.8 ± 60.9	250.7 ± 78.1	0.004
Difference	− 58.2 ± 10.7	− 28.7 ± 17.5	0.007
P value	< 0.001	0.1
AGE (U/ml)
Before	612.1 ± 254.7	623.4 ± 238.6	0.9
After	413.7 ± 146.9	597.7 ± 240.0	0.003
Difference	− 199.2 ± 52.2	− 25.7 ± 69.1	0.001
P value	0.001	0.7
Serum 25(OH) D (ng/ml)
Before	14.7 ± 9.9	14.8 ± 13.1	0.7
After	30.2 ± 9.2	16.8 ± 12.9	< 0.001
Difference	15.4 ± 1.2	1.9 ± 1.08	< 0.001
P value	< 0.001	0.374

Italic value indicates the significance of P value < 0.05
All values are expressed as mean ± SD
Pair t test was used to compare the within group (before/after intervention) differences in both group
Independent t test was used to compare the mean values of the parameters between the groups
ANCOVA was applied to compare the mean differences between the two groups to control the confounding effect of metformin and HbA1c level
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, FBS fasting blood sugar, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, AGEs advanced glycation end products

ISSN: 1758-5996