Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic parameters of the pediatric population

Male (%)

21 (45.7)

20 (50)

20 (50)

Female (%)

25 (54.3)

20 (50)

20 (50)

Age (years)

8.7 ± 1.7

8.7 ± 1.5

9.1 ± 1.9

BMI

15.45 [14.8–16.3]^{(B, C)}

24.3[23.3–26.5]^(A)

26.75[24.1–29.8]^(A)

BMI%

30.0 [25.0–50.0]^{(B, C)}

98.6 [97.3–99.0]^(A)

98.9 [97.8–99.4]^(A)

BMI z-score

− 0.39[(− 0.6) to (− 0.1)]^(B,C)

2.93 [2.6–3.4]^(A)

3.06 [2.7–3.6]^(A)

WC%

25.0 [13.8–50.0]^{(B, C)}

92.0 [87.0–98.0]^(A)

97.0 [91.3–99.8]^(A)

Muscle mass (kg)

6.43 [5.4–7.9]^(C)

6.56 [5.8–7.5]^(C)

7.58 [6.5–9.0]^{(A, B)}

Fat-free mass (kg)

23.05 [20.3–26.8]^{(B, C)}

27.22 [23.9–31.4]^(A)

29.06 [24.4–32.8]^(A)

Fat %

14.77 ± 3.4^{(B, C)}

33.08 ± 5.7^{(A, C)}

38.46 ± 9.4^{(A, B)}

Fat mass (kg)

4.17 ± 1.7^{(B, C)}

13.95 ± 4.5^(A)

19.21 ± 9.1^(A)

Lean-fat ratio

1.68 [1.25–2.01]^(B,C)

0.433 [0.380–0.627]^(A)

0.447 [0.345–0.610]^(A)

Physical activity (days per week)

1.5 [0–5]

1 [0–5]

1[0–3]

Physical activity (hours per day)

1 [0–1]

1 [0–1]

1 [0–1]

Physical activity (hours per week)

1 [0–15]

1 [0–10]

1 [0–10]

SBP%

*

68.5 [50.5–80.0]

76.5 [58.3–91.0]

DBP%

*

39.5 [29.3–49.8]**

53.5 [41.5–69.8]**

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

77.4 ± 11.7^(C)

80.4 ± 10.7

84.2 ± 11.0^(A)

TG (mg/dL)

81.2 [66.8–93.2]^{(B, C)}

95.5 [78.5–122.0]^{(A, C)}

170.0 [129.0–224.0]^{(A, B)}

HDL-c (mg/dL)

45.5 [42.5–47.3]^{(B, C)}

41.0 [35.5–47.0]^{(A, C)}

33.5 [31.0–36.0]^{(A, B)}

Irisin (ng/mL)

8.05 [7.24–8.94]^{(B, C)}

6.08 [4.68–6.65]^(A)

6.46 [5.74–7.02]^(A)

Leptin (pg/mL)

0.32 [0.18–0.66]^{(B, C)}

0.86 [0.303–2.34]^(A)

1.32 [0.42–6.27]^(A)

Adiponectin (pg/mL)

10.3 [4.86–14.2]

14.9 [7.06–24.9]

14.2 [6.88–22.6]

Resistin (pg/mL)

0.0 [0.0–0.0]^{(B, C)}

1.75 [1.03–4.88]^(A)

2.45 [1.32–7.57]^(A)

Adipsin (pg/mL)

0.64 [0.38–0.80]^{(B, C)}

0.90 [0.64–1.57]^(A)

1.20 [0.79–1.56]^(A)