Table 1 The demographic and clinical characteristics of the diabetic patients with and without plaques

Age (years)

54.04 ± 12.09

47.20 ± 13.88

BMI (kg/m²)

27.91 ± 3.21

27.82 ± 4.34

Diabetes duration (year)

5.86 ± 5.27

5.48 ± 6.06

Waist circumference (cm)

98.33 ± 8.89

98.82 ± 11.36

Hipline circumference (cm)

103 (98, 105.5)

99 (95, 105.75)

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

0.96 ± 0.06

0.96 ± 0.07

White blood cell (10⁹/L)

6.80 ± 1.61

6.45 ± 1.84

Neutrophils (10⁹/L)

3.92 ± 1.23

3.70 ± 1.27

Lymphocytes (10⁹/L)

2.21 ± 0.66

2.09 ± 0.70

Platelets (10⁹/L)

205.86 ± 55.05

197.10 ± 64.65

Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)

33.75 ± 22.01

39.98 ± 26.52

Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)

24.80 ± 21.04

25.88 ± 14.77

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)

49.80 ± 35.87

61.72 ± 41.30

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

4.91 ± 1.70

5.62 ± 2.58

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

3.22 ± 3.77

2.89 ± 3.23

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

2.69 ± 1.02

2.98 ± 1.36

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

0.99 ± 0.31

1.07 ± 0.25

Serum total bilirubin (STB)

10.6 (8.65, 13.45)

12.8 (10.2, 18)

Direct (conjugated) bilirubin (SDB)

3.2 (2.38, 4.25)

3.8 (2.7, 6.1)

Indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin (SIB)

7.3 (6, 9.9)

8.8 (7.2, 12.7)

Uric acid (μmol/L)

0.37 ± 0.12

0.39 ± 0.25

Creatinine (mg/dL)

74.11 ± 21.20

67.80 ± 20.51

Endogenous creatinine clearance rate, Ccr

100.31 ± 26.07

115.43 ± 29.16

Glycated hemoglobin A1c (%)

9.44 ± 1.90

9.48 ± 2.78

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

9.32 ± 3.67

9.67 ± 3.60

2 h postprandial plasma glucose (mmol/L)

17.64 ± 4.15

17.53 ± 4.64

Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)

2.62 ± 1.10

2.39 ± 1.37

2-h postprandial C peptide (ng/mL)

5.79 ± 3.23

5.02 ± 2.96

Fasting insulin (mIU/L)

17.84 ± 27.99

14.04 ± 11.16

2 h postprandial insulin (mIU/L)

43.05 ± 46.10

45.98 ± 85.87

HOMA-IR

4.57 (2.84, 7.77)

4.49 (2.23, 6.88)

Visfatin (ng/mL)

0.68 (0.46, 1.58)

0.45 (0.23, 0.76)