Table 5 Clinics of pregnant women according to the HNF1A gene p.I27L

Controls (%)

60.2 (n = 50)

45.3 (n = 78)

34.0 (n = 17)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (%)

39.8 (n = 33)

54.7 (n = 94)

66.0 (n = 33)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (%)

 Underweight (< 20 kg/m²)

15.7

13.4

8.0

 Normal weight (20–24.9 kg/m²)

21.7

23.3

24.0

 Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²)

33.7

27.9

34.0

 Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)

28.9

35.5

34.0

Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (%)^a

62.7 (n = 52)

63.4 (n = 109)

68.0 (n = 34)

Gestational weight gain (%)^b

 Below

3.6

9.4

6.0

 Adequate

45.8

35.1

46.0

 Excessive

50.6

55.6

48.0

Excessive GWG (%)

50.6 (n = 42)

55.8 (n = 96)

48.0 (n = 24)

Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

67.93 ± 13.64

70.12 ± 14.28

68.94 ± 11.42

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

26.78 ± 5.74

27.51 ± 6.06

27.35 ± 5.24

Weight at delivery (kg)

81.84 ± 13.34

83.56 ± 13.50

81.98 ± 10.73

BMI at delivery (kg/m²)

32.25 ± 5.66

32.77 ± 5.88

32.50 ± 5.13

Gestational weight gain (kg)

14.02 ± 4.60

13.67 ± 4.83

13.24 ± 4.98

Glucose (mg/dl)

83.89 ± 17.10

86.88 ± 17.69

94.06 ± 18.23

İnsulin (µIU/ml)

9.52 ± 3.16

10.30 ± 4.76

10.64 ± 4.09

HOMA-IR

2.10 ± 1.01

2.36 ± 1.37

2.54 ± 1.23

HbA1c (%)

5.15 ± 0.40

5.29 ± 0.50

5.32 ± 0.41

Systolic BP (mmHg)

109.93 ± 10.07

109.27 ± 10.26

109.70 ± 10.37

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.20 ± 5.47

73.11 ± 5.26

72.94 ± 5.63