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Table 4 Clinics of pregnants according to the FTO gene rs9939609 SNP

From: Maternal genetic contribution to pre-pregnancy obesity, gestational weight gain, and gestational diabetes mellitus

 

TT-wild (n = 132)

AT (n = 116)

AA (n = 57)

p*

p**

p***

Controls (%)

55.3 (n = 73)

46.6 (n = 54)

31.6 (n = 18)

0.169

0.003

0.060

Gestational diabetes mellitus (%)

44.7 (n = 59)

53.4 (n = 62)

68.4 (n = 39)

   

Pre-pregnancy BMI (%)

   

< 0.001

0.001

0.011

 Underweight (< 20 kg/m2)

18.2

10.3

7.0

   

 Normal weight (20–24.9 kg/m2)

33.3

16.4

12.3

   

 Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2)

19.7

44.8

26.3

   

 Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2)

28.8

28.4

54.4

   

Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (%)a

48.5 (n = 64)

73.3 (n = 85)

80.7 (n = 46)

< 0.001

0.001

0.284

Gestational weight gain (%)b

   

0.001

< 0.001

0.014

 Below

12.1

3.4

3.6

   

 Adequate

51.5

37.9

16.1

   

 Excessive

36.4

58.6

80.4

   

Excessive GWG (%)

36.4 (n = 48)

58.6 (n = 68)

80.4 (n = 46)

0.001

< 0.001

0.003

Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

65.79 ± 13.80

69.69 ± 11.31

76.78 ± 14.81

0.016

< 0.001

0.001

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

25.80 ± 5.80

27.46 ± 5.03

30.36 ± 6.27

0.017

< 0.001

0.001

Weight at delivery (kg)

78.52 ± 13.01

83.84 ± 9.80

90.78 ± 14.79

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

BMI at delivery (kg/m2)

30.77 ± 5.56

33.03 ± 4.72

35.86 ± 6.22

0.001

< 0.001

0.001

Gestational weight gain (kg)

10.93 ± 3.77

12.93 ± 2.31

13.98 ± 4.91

0.029

0.021

0.654

Glucose (mg/dl)

84.64 ± 18.01

88.06 ± 17.65

91.64 ± 17.25

0.134

0.014

0.207

İnsulin (µIU/ml)

9.61 ± 4.35

10.18 ± 3.72

11.27 ± 4.89

0.315

0.039

0.148

HOMA-IR

2.16 ± 1.26

2.33 ± 1.18

2.65 ± 1.37

0.307

0.033

0.159

HbA1c (%)

5.22 ± 0.48

5.24 ± 0.41

5.41 ± 0.51

0.685

0.018

0.027

Systolic BP (mmHg)

110.41 ± 9.59

108.87 ± 10.61

108.77 ± 10.74

0.232

0.298

0.951

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.74 ± 5.43

72.81 ± 5.03

72.24 ± 5.75

0.169

0.090

0.503

  1. Italics represents significant p-values
  2. PPO pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, GWG gestational weight gain, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c
  3. *p TT wild type vs heterozygote AT
  4. **p TT wild type vs homozygote AA
  5. ***p heterozygote AT vs homozygote AA
  6. aPrepregnancy overweight/obesity is defined as the percentage of subjects with having BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
  7. bRecommended gestational weight gain was calculated based on Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations according to pre-pregnancy BMI