Table 1 Characteristics of subjects

Age (year)

28.25 ± 5.15

29.35 ± 5.36

0.075

Gestational age (weeks)

26.27 ± 1.48

25.99 ± 1.65

0.137

Height (cm)

160.40 ± 5.71

159.21 ± 5.95

0.076

Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

61.74 ± 11.98

76.21 ± 11.27

0.001

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

24.06 ± 4.82

30.21 ± 5.10

0.001

Pre-pregnancy BMI (%)

0.001

 Underweight (< 20 kg/m²)

23.4

3.8

 Normal weight (20–24.9 kg/m²)

38.6

8.8

 Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²)

26.2

34.4

 Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)

11.7

53.1

Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (%)^a

37.9

87.5

0.001

Weight at delivery (kg)

77.60 ± 12.59

87.58 ± 11.54

0.001

BMI at delivery (kg/m²)

30.24 ± 5.18

34.71 ± 5.30

0.001

Gestational weight gain (kg)

16.05 ± 5.43

11.56 ± 2.72

0.001

Gestational weight gain (%)^b

0.011

 Excessive

44.1

61.2

 Adequate

46.9

33.1

 Below

9.0

5.6

Glucose (mg/dl)

72.39 ± 7.12

101.67 ± 11.99

0.001

İnsulin (µIU/ml)

8.07 ± 2.02

11.93 ± 4.78

0.001

HOMA-IR

1.42 ± 0.39

3.06 ± 1.26

0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.01 ± 0.32

5.51 ± 0.43

0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

108.06 ± 8.74

110.84 ± 11.23

0.052

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

72.70 ± 5.62

73.48 ± 5.11

0.207