Table 1 Characteristics of the newly diagnosed diabetic participants

Age (years)

44 ± 21

50 ± 15

55 ± 14

Male (n,  %)

47 (56.6%)

194 (69.5%)

223 (59.9%)

Smoking (n,  %)

19 (22.9%)

106 (38.0%)

122 (32.8%)

Alcohol (n,  %)

9 (10.8%)

58 (20.8%)

73 (19.6%)

SBP (mmHg)

121 ± 14

125 ± 16

128 ± 17

DBP (mmHg)

76 ± 9

80 ± 10

81 ± 10

BMI (kg/m2)

21.6 ± 4

24.4 ± 3.7

24.8 ± 3.4

WHR

0.86 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.06

0.91 ± 0.06

FPG (mmol/l)^a

7.7 (5.6–11.1)

9.4 (7.2–12.1)

7.8 (6.5–10)

2-hPPG (mmol/l)^a

13.1 (9.8–17.7)

15.4 (12.2–19.3)

13.8 (10.7–17.3)

HbA1C (%)

11.11 ± 3.32

11.56 ± 2.51

10.03 ± 2.68

FCP (ng/ml)^a

0.57 (0.27–1.19)

1.08 (0.5–1.83)

1.93 (1.27–2.85)

2-h PCP (ng/ml)^a

1.26 (0.59–2.46)

2.04 (0.99–3.63)

4.31 (2.66–5.73)

HOMA2- %S

184.9 (86.6–344.43)

97.8 (55–193.2)

61.1 (41.53–90.85)

HOMA2-IR

0.55 (0.3–1.15)

1 (0.5–1.8)

1.6 (1.1–2.4)

TC (mmol/l)

4.46 ± 1

4.75 ± 1.17

4.75 ± 1.17

TG (mmol/l)^a

1.04 (0.7–1.53)

1.3 (0.9–2.1)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)

HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.24 ± 0.36

1.07 ± 0.34

1.10 ± 0.28

LDL-C (mmol/l)

2.83 ± 0.89

3.12 ± 0.95

3.19 ± 1.00

ALT (U/l)^a

20 (13–29)

22 (14–37)

22 (15–39)

SCr (μmol/l)^a

61 (50–75)

66 (55–76)

66 (54–78)

SUA (μmol/l)^a

264 (226–319)

279 (220–351)

311 (251–373)

UAE (mg/24 h)^a

8.0 (5.2–12.5)

9.4 (6.4–20)

10.2 (6.5–19.6)

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)^a

123 (100–163)

121 (101–145)

115 (95–135)

CRP (mg/l)^a

0.57 (0.2–1.63)

1.1 (0.49–3.48)

1.26 (0.53–2.96)