Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of subjects
Clinical characteristics | Mean ± SD, n (%) |
|---|---|
Age (years) | 64.5 ± 13.3 |
Sex (male) | 34 (56.7) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 4.5 |
Smoking (%) | 12 (20.0) |
Drinking (%) | 17 (28.3) |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.9 ± 12.4 |
Dyslipidemia | 48 (80.0) |
 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.3 ± 36.4 |
 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.2 ± 12.0 |
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 152.3 ± 74.1 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75.0 ± 21.3 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.5 ± 1.2 |
Mean glucose level (mg/dL) | 182.2 ± 36.7 |
Markers of glucose variability | |
 %CV | 23.7 ± 5.7 |
 MAGE (mg/dL) | 125.9 ± 35.2 |
Fasting plasma glucose state (mg/dL) | 141.9 ± 33.9 |
AUCPP (mg/dL/h) | 470.6 ± 291.1 |
Markers of BP variability | |
 Daytime average of SBP (mmHg) | 129.9 ± 14.7 |
 Daytime SD of SBP (mmHg) | 15.0 ± 4.5 |
 Daytime CV of SBP (mmHg) | 11.6 ± 3.5 |
 Daytime average of DBP (mmHg) | 76.6 ± 10.8 |
 Daytime SD of DBP (mmHg) | 9.9 ± 3.1 |
 Daytime CV of DBP (mmHg) | 13.0 ± 4.1 |
 Nighttime average of SBP (mmHg) | 122.2 ± 17.8 |
 Nighttime SD of SBP (mmHg) | 13.4 ± 3.9 |
 Nighttime CV of SBP (mmHg) | 11.1 ± 3.3 |
 Nighttime average of DBP (mmHg) | 70.9 ± 12.6 |
 Nighttime SD of DBP (mmHg) | 8.3 ± 2.6 |
 Nighttime CV of DBP (mmHg) | 12.0 ± 4.2 |
Dipper/non-dipper/riser/extreme-dipper | 16/27/16/1 |
LF/HF ratio | 3.7 ± 2.3 |
CVR–R (%) | 2.9 ± 2.1 |
d-ROMs (U.CARR) | 356.1 ± 66.7 |
Macroangiopathy | 14 (23.3) |
Nephropathy | 25 (41.7) |
Neuropathy | 31 (51.7) |
Retinopathy | 21 (35.0) |
Diabetes therapy | |
 Diet alone | 16 (26.7) |
 Metformin | 21 (35.0) |
 Sulfonylurea | 24 (40.0) |
 Glinide | 0 (0.0) |
 α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 11 (18.3) |
 Thiazolidine | 11 (18.3) |
 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor | 25 (41.7) |
 Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors | 6 (10.0) |
 Glucose-like peptide 1 receptor agonist | 7 (11.7) |
 Insulin | 14 (23.3) |
Antihypertensive drugs | |
 Diet alone | 23 (38.3) |
 Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 26 (43.3) |
 Calcium channel blocker | 29 (48.3) |
 Diuretic | 5 (8.3) |
 α Blocker | 1 (1.7) |
 β Blocker | 4 (6.7) |
Other treatments | |
 Lipid-lowering drugs (statins) | 33 (55.0) |