Table 1 General characteristics of study population by glucose tolerance

Age (years)

59.4 ± 6.6

60.4 ± 7.4

62.7 ± 6.1^{a, b}

BMI (kg/m²)

22.2 ± 2.8

23.4 ± 2.9^a

23.7 ± 2.9^a

WHR

0.89 ± 0.06

0.92 ± 0.10^a

0.93 ± 0.06^a

Female (n, %)

143 (54.4)

78 (48.4)

52 (61.2)

Education (n, %)

 Primary school and below

157 (59.7)

91 (56.5)

62 (71.9)

 Middle school

76 (28.9)

53 (32.9)

17 (20.0)

 High school and above

30 (11.4)

17 (10.6)

6 (7.1)

Smoking status (n, %)

 Non-smoker

165 (62.7)

93 (57.8)

55 (64.7)

 Ever-smoker

28 (10.7)

29 (18.0)

1 (16.5)

 Current-smoker

70 (26.6)

39 (24.2)

16 (18.8)

Drinking status (n, %)

 Non-drinker

118 (44.9)

66 (41.0)

49 (57.7)

 Ever-drinker

17 (6.4)

4 (2.5)

4 (4.7)

 Current-drinker

128 (48.7)

91 (56.5)

32 (37.6)

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.50 ± 0.67

2.73 ± 0.72^a

2.64 ± 0.76

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.34 ± 0.32

1.31 ± 0.33

1.34 ± 0.38

TG (mmol/L)

1.42 ± 0.90

1.78 ± 1.14^a

2.01 ± 1.50^a

TC (mmol/L)

4.77 ± 0.85

5.14 ± 0.94^a

5.20 ± 1.00^a

HbA1c (%)

5.52 ± 0.34

5.65 ± 0.32

6.72 ± 0.71^{a, b}

FPG (mmol/L)

5.24 ± 0.37

5.55 ± 0.49

7.43 ± 0.57^{a, b}

2 h-PG (mmol/L)

6.26 ± 1.05

8.90 ± 1.20^a

13.92 ± 1.38^{a, b}

SBP (mmHg)

120.6 ± 15.8

127.2 ± 13.2^a

130.7 ± 16.2^a

DBP (mmHg)

71.1 ± 9.2

74.5 ± 7.9^a

75.4 ± 8.4^a

Adipo-IR

 Q1 (≤ 1.52)

92 (35.0)

23 (14.3)

11 (12.9)

 Q2 (1.53–2.37)

68 (25.9)

40 (24.8)

13 (15.3)

 Q3 (2.38–3.70)

68 (25.9)

42 (26.1)

20 (23.5)

 Q4 (≥ 3.71)

35 (13.3)

56 (34.8)

41 (48.2)

HOMA-IR

 Q1 (≤ 0.87)

82 (31.2)

28 (17.4)

11 (12.9)

 Q2 (0.88–1.29)

76 (28.9)

38 (23.6)

8 (9.4)

 Q3 (1.30–1.91)

66 (25.1)

45 (28.0)

23 (27.1)

 Q4 (≥ 1.92)

39 (14.8)

50 (31.0)

43 (50.6)

HOMA-β

 Q1 (≤ 40.12)

59 (22.4)

36 (22.3)

43 (50.6)

 Q2 (40.13–56.04)

76 (28.9)

33 (20.5)

17 (20.0)

 Q3 (56.05–80.23)

69 (26.3)

45 (28.0)

10 (11.8)

 Q4 (≥ 80.24)

59 (22.4)

47 (29.2)

15 (17.6)

Fasting CPRI

 Q1 (≤ 1.16)

70 (26.6)

30 (18.6)

28 (32.9)

 Q2 (1.17–1.48)

77 (29.3)

32 (19.9)

25 (29.4)

 Q3 (1.49–1.92)

62 (23.6)

48 (29.8)

14 (16.5)

 Q4 (≥ 1.93)

54 (20.5)

51 (31.7)

18 (21.2)

Postprandial CPRI

 Q1 (≤ 4.41)

54 (20.5)

31 (19.3)

36 (42.4)

 Q2 (4.42–5.53)

62 (23.6)

48 (29.8)

10 (11.8)

 Q3 (5.54–7.08)

69 (26.2)

44 (27.3)

7 (8.3)

 Q4 (≥ 7.09)

78 (29.7)

38 (23.6)

3 (3.5)