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Table 1 Characteristics of participants at time of screening

From: People with type 2 diabetes and screen-detected cognitive impairment use acute health care services more often: observations from the COG-ID study

 

Total study population (n = 154)

Screen-detected cognitive impairment (n = 37)

Screen negatives (n = 117)

Age (years)

76.7 ± 5.2

77.8 ± 5.6

76.4 ± 5.0

Female sex

58 (38%)

15 (41%)

43 (37%)

Living alone

57 (37%)

10 (27%)

47 (40%)

Educational levela

5 (4–6)

4 (2–5)*

5 (5–6)*

Low educational level (Verhage scale 1–4)

46 (30%)

22 (60%)*

24 (20%)*

Diabetes duration (years)

8.7 ± 8.2

10.6 ± 8.1

8.1 ± 8.1

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

52.2 ± 9.7

53.8 ± 9.8

51.7 ± 9.6

HbA1c (%)

6.9 ± 0.9

7.1 ± 0.9

6.9 ± 0.9

Use of Metformin, yes

104 (78%)

22 (76%)

82 (80%)

Use of insulin, yes

30 (20%)

9 (24%)

21 (18%)

Use of Sulfonylurea, yes

45 (29%)

9 (24%)

36 (31%)

Use of lipid lowering drugs, yes

122 (80%)

29 (78%)

93 (81%)

Diabetic neuropathy, yes

15 (10%)

5 (14%)

10 (9%)

Diabetic retinopathy, yes

11 (7%)

4 (11%)

7 (6%)

MDRD

67.9 ± 19.2

64.9 ± 20.7

71.9 ± 18.5

BMI (kg/m2)

28.6 ± 4.4

29.2 ± 4.8

28.4 ± 4.3

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

139.8 ± 17.4

140.4 ± 13.3

139.6 ± 18.6

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

75.4 ± 11.4

76.0 ± 12.1

75.3 ± 11.2

MMSE

28.4 ± 2.0

26.4 ± 3.0*

29.0 ± 1.1*

TYM score

42.4 ± 6.4

35.4 ± 8.8*

44.5 ± 2.6*

SAGE score

17.1 ± 4.1

11.5 ± 4.4*

18.6 ± 2.2*

Equation 5D mobility, any problems (%)

83 (55%)

24 (65%)

59 (51%)

Equation 5D self care, any problems (%)

17 (11%)

8 (22%)*

9 (8%)*

Equation 5D usual activities, any problems (%)

49 (32%)

22 (59%)*

27 (23%)*

CES-D ≥ 16

27 (18%)

13 (36%)*

14 (12%)*

  1. Data are presented as means (± standard deviation), median (interquartile range), or number and proportion in  %
  2. BMI body mass index, CES-D Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Equation 5D EuroQol Five-Dimension Scale, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease, MMSE Mini-Mental state examination, TYM Test Your Memory, SAGE Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination
  3. * p ≤ 0.05 for comparison between the groups (Chi square test/t-test)
  4. aEducational level is classified by the Dutch Verhage scale [24]; a seven point rating scale ranging from 1 (which equals a level of less than 6 years of elementary school) to 7 (equals a finished training at a university or technical college)