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Table 1 Clinical characteristics according to HbA1c level

From: Hypoglycemia in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic Japanese patients by continuous glucose monitoring

 

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

P value*

n

53

64

73

49

54

 

Age (years)

65.4 ± 1.7

65.9 ± 1.6

61.2 ± 1.5

63.3 ± 1.8

55.0 ± 1.8

< 0.001

Duration of diabetes (years)

12.1 ± 1.4

11.7 ± 1.3

10.4 ± 1.2

12.7 ± 1.5

6.2 ± 1.4

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

25.2 ± 0.6

25.6 ± 0.6

26.5 ± 0.5

24.7 ± 0.6

26.9 ± 0.6

0.087

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

62.6 ± 3.6

66.1 ± 3.3

78.4 ± 3.0

74.7 ± 3.7

90.9 ± 3.5

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

6.6 ± 0.1

7.4 ± 0.1

8.5 ± 0.1

9.5 ± 0.1

11.3 ± 0.1

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

120.8 ± 5.0

134.4 ± 4.5

150.8 ± 4.2

164.2 ± 5.1

188.6 ± 4.9

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

2.4 ± 0.4 (n = 29)

2.5 ± 0.3 (n = 46)

2.9 ± 0.3 (n = 44)

2.2 ± 0.4 (n = 23)

2.5 ± 0.4 (n = 23)

0.628

Urinary CPR (μg/day)

66.0 ± 8.6

67.8 ± 7.4

81.5 ± 6.6

61.5 ± 8.2

107.0 ± 7.7

< 0.001

Treatment of diabetes

 Without glucose-lowering agents, n (%)

27 (51)

18 (28)

14 (19)

8 (16)

18 (33)

< 0.001

 Sulfonylureas, n (%)

5 (9)

22 (34)

23 (32)

18 (37)

21 (39)

0.006

 Biguanides, n (%)

4 (8)

16 (25)

16 (22)

15 (31)

11 (20)

0.058

 DPP4i, n (%)

13 (25)

27 (42)

38 (52)

27 (55)

17 (31)

0.004

 Thiazolidinedione, n (%)

6 (11)

8 (13)

7 (10)

6 (12)

7 (13)

0.978

 Glinide, n (%)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (5)

0 (0)

0.154

 αGI, n (%)

4 (8)

5 (8)

10 (14)

3 (6)

3 (6)

0.465

 Insulin, n (%)

13 (25)

13 (20)

14 (19)

9 (18)

1 (2)

0.022

 GLP-1, n (%)

1 (2)

1 (2)

2 (3)

1 (2)

3 (6)

0.699

Combination therapy

 Insulin only, n (%)

7 (13)

5 (8)

8 (11)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.011

Without insulin

 Oral hypoglycemic drugs only 1, n (%)

8 (15)

15 (24)

18 (25)

14 (29)

17 (32)

0.336

 Oral hypoglycemic drugs ≥ 2, n (%)

10 (19)

22 (35)

29 (40)

21 (43)

18 (34)

0.080

With insulin

 Oral hypoglycemic drugs only 1, n (%)

4 (8)

6 (9)

3 (4)

8 (16)

0 (0)

0.019

 Oral hypoglycemic drugs ≥ 2, n (%)

2 (4)

2 (3)

3 (4)

1 (2)

1 (2)

0.939

All (n = 294)

 Hypoglycemia, n (%)

4 (8)

4 (6)

7 (10)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.052

 Severe hypoglycemia, n (%)

1 (2)

0 (0)

1 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.594

With glucose-lowering agents (n = 209) n

27

46

59

41

36

 

 Hypoglycemia, n (%)

4 (15)

4 (9)

7 (49)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.044

 Severe hypoglycemia, n (%)

1 (4)

0 (0)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.451

  1. Data are mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated
  2. BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, CPR C peptide immunoreactivity, DPP4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, αGI α-glucosidase inhibitor, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
  3. * ANOVA for comparisons between each group, Chi square test for sex differences, treatment, hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

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