Skip to main content

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants according to total bilirubin and gamma-glutamyltransferase classifications

From: Potential impact of the joint association of total bilirubin and gamma-glutamyltransferase with metabolic syndrome

(A) Men

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

p-value

< 15.4

≥ 15.4

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (μkat/L)

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (μkat/L)

< 0.44

≥ 0.44

< 0.44

≥ 0.44

n

1303

1331

1007

945

 

Age (years)

44.3 ± 10.0

45.7 ± 9.4

43.0 ± 9.6

45.3 ± 9.2

< 0.0001

Follow-up interval (years)

2.8 ± 1.2

2.8 ± 1.2

2.8 ± 1.2

2.8 ± 1.2

0.5846

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.5 ± 2.5

23.9 ± 3.0

22.1 ± 2.4

23.7 ± 3.0

< 0.0001

Current smoking

352 (27.0)

385 (28.9)

150 (14.9)

146 (15.5)

< 0.0001

Exercise habit

315 (24.2)

293 (22.0)

242 (24.0)

218 (23.1)

0.5476

Waist circumference (cm)

81.0 ± 7.1

84.8 ± 7.6

79.7 ± 6.9

84.3 ± 8.0

< 0.0001

Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm

139 (10.7)

276 (20.7)

80 (7.9)

188 (19.9)

< 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

117.9 ± 16.1

121.3 ± 14.8

117.8 ± 14.0

121.2 ± 14.6

< 0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72.2 ± 11.8

75.0 ± 11.4

72.0 ± 10.6

75.4 ± 11.2

< 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg and/or medication for hypertension

294 (22.6)

395 (29.7)

227 (22.5)

281 (29.7)

< 0.0001

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 0.6

5.5 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.5

5.5 ± 0.8

< 0.0001

Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L and/or medication for diabetes

63 (4.8)

106 (8.0)

37 (3.7)

64 (6.8)

< 0.0001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.4

1.7 ± 0.4

1.6 ± 0.4

< 0.0001

HDL cholesterol < 1.03 mmol/L and/or medication for dyslipidemia

74 (5.7)

102 (7.7)

41 (4.1)

67 (7.1)

0.0021

Triglycerides (mmol/L)a

1.1 ± 0.6

1.4 ± 0.9

1.0 ± 0.5

1.3 ± 0.7

< 0.0001

Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/L

124 (9.5)

341 (25.6)

68 (6.8)

199 (21.1)

< 0.0001

Number of metabolic syndrome factors

0.5 ± 0.7

0.9 ± 0.8

0.4 ± 0.7

0.8 ± 0.8

< 0.0001

Prevalence of fatty liver disease

252 (19.3)

569 (42.8)

163 (16.2)

398 (42.1)

< 0.0001

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

12.0 ± 2.6

12.1 ± 2.6

22.4 ± 6.7

22.4 ± 7.1

< 0.0001

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (μkat/L)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.6

0.3 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.8

< 0.0001

Bil/GGT ratio

39.5 ± 13.1

17.1 ± 7.4

74.6 ± 28.7

31.8 ± 16.8

< 0.0001

Incident metabolic syndrome during follow-up

79 (6.1)

199 (15.0)

42 (4.2)

140 (14.8)

< 0.0001

(B) Women

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

p-value

< 12.0

≥ 12.0

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (μkat/L)

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (μkat/L)

< 0.26

≥ 0.26

< 0.26

≥ 0.26

n

1186

1026

1125

1069

 

Age (years)

43.3 ± 8.5

46.9 ± 9.1

43.3 ± 8.6

46.7 ± 9.2

< 0.0001

Follow-up interval (years)

2.8 ± 1.2

2.8 ± 1.2

2.9 ± 1.3

2.8 ± 1.2

0.2852

Body mass index (kg/m2)

20.8 ± 2.6

21.4 ± 3.3

20.2 ± 2.3

20.7 ± 3.2

< 0.0001

Current smoking

65 (5.5)

89 (8.7)

30 (2.7)

34 (3.2)

< 0.0001

Exercise habit

176 (14.8)

175 (17.1)

191 (17.0)

217 (20.3)

0.0078

Waist circumference (cm)

75.2 ± 7.1

77.3 ± 8.6

74.1 ± 6.6

75.4 ± 8.1

< 0.0001

Waist circumference ≥ 80 cm

287 (24.2)

351 (34.2)

204 (18.1)

280 (26.2)

< 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

109.9 ± 15.1

114.6 ± 18.0

110.2 ± 15.1

114.5 ± 17.5

< 0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

65.8 ± 10.3

69.8 ± 12.3

66.1 ± 10.5

69.4 ± 12.1

< 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg and/or medication for hypertension

116 (9.8)

204 (19.9)

124 (11.0)

201 (18.8)

< 0.0001

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.0 ± 0.5

5.1 ± 0.4

5.0 ± 0.4

5.1 ± 0.5

< 0.0001

Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L and/or medication for diabetes

15 (1.3)

28 (2.7)

9 (0.8)

28 (2.6)

0.0006

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.0 ± 0.4

2.0 ± 0.4

2.1 ± 0.4

2.1 ± 0.5

< 0.0001

HDL cholesterol < 1.29 mmol/L and/or medication for dyslipidemia

52 (4.4)

70 (6.8)

31 (2.8)

68 (6.4)

< 0.0001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)a

0.8 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.4

0.7 ± 0.3

0.8 ± 0.4

< 0.0001

Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/L

37 (3.1)

47 (4.6)

15 (1.3)

34 (3.2)

0.0002

Number of metabolic syndrome factors

0.4 ± 0.6

0.7 ± 0.8

0.3 ± 0.6

0.6 ± 0.7

< 0.0001

Prevalence of fatty liver disease

66 (5.6)

180 (17.5)

47 (4.2)

111 (10.4)

< 0.0001

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

9.9 ± 1.9

10.0 ± 1.8

17.6 ± 4.8

17.8 ± 5.3

< 0.0001

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (μkat/L)

0.2 ± 0.03

0.5 ± 0.3

0.2 ± 0.03

0.5 ± 0.4

< 0.0001

Bil/GGT ratio

50.6 ± 13.6

26.7 ± 10.1

91.0 ± 32.7

47.3 ± 20.2

< 0.0001

Incident metabolic syndrome during follow-up

36 (3.0)

87 (8.5)

16 (1.4)

73 (6.8)

< 0.0001

  1. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± 1 standard deviation and categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). Differences in categorical and continuous variables across the four study groups were assessed using Chi-square analysis and one-way analysis of variance, respectively
  2. HDL high-density lipoprotein, Bil/GGT ratio total bilirubin to gamma-glutamyltransferase ratio
  3. aValues were analyzed after log transformation
Back to article page

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

Contact us