Fig. 4
The decreasing effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on pro-inflammatory secretion from MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Preadipocytes were either cultured alone (control), or with THP-1-MacCM (25%) for 24 h. Further groups of cells were pre-treated with 1α,25(OH)2D3 (0.01–10 nM) for 24 h, followed by treatments with THP-1-MacCM (25%) and 1α,25(OH)2D3 (0.01–10 nM) for a further 24 h before supernatant collection. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors a IL-1β, b IL-6, c IL-8, d MCP-1 and e RANTES were measured by ELISA and normalized to total cell protein content. Data are shown as mean ± SEM for groups of 6. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and confirmed by three independent experiments. A significant difference to control was indicated by ***(p < 0.001); to THP-1-MacCM by #(p < 0.05), ##(p < 0.01) and ###(p < 0.001)