Table 2 Comparison of cardiac history, risk factors and pharmacotherapy between study participants in those with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

N

Coronary artery disease (N; %)

50 (37)

51 (51)

 0.024*

Stroke (N; %)

8 (6)

12 (12)

NS

Previous coronary revascularisation

33 (24)

32 (32)

Percutaneous coronary intervention^#

24 (18)

23 (23)

Coronary artery graft surgery

12 (9)

14 (14)

Heart failure

42 (31)

33 (33)

 Left ventricle ejection fraction ≤ 40%

51 ± 18

53.6 ± 15.6

Previous arrhythmia

49 (36)

26 (26)

Valvular disease

51 (38)

36 (36)

Cardiopulmonary disease and other risk factors

Current smoker (N; %)

23 (17)

14 (14)

NS

Ex-smoker (N; %)

36 (26)

32 (32)

Pulmonary hypertension

18 (13)

18 (18)

Hypertension

80 (59)

80 (80)

 < 0.001*

Dyslipidaemia

56 (41)

61 (61)

 0.002*

NS

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 1.3

4.0 ± 1.4

 LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.4 ± 1.1

2.2 ± 1.9

 HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.1 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 1.1

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.7 ± 0.8

3.3 ± 2.1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

9 (7)

10 (10)

NS

Asthma

18 (13)

14 (14)

NS

Cardiac medications

 Aspirin

38 (28)

50 (50)

  0.002*

 Dual anti-platelet agents

10 (7)

16 (16)

NS

 Clopidogrel

13 (10)

18 (18)

 Prasugrel

1 (0.7)

2 (2)

 Ticagrelor

2 (1)

2 (2)

 Warfarin

5 (4)

5 (5)

 Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants

18 (13)

9 (9)

 Nitrates

9 (7)

10 (10)

 Ivabradine

2 (1)

3 (3)

 Digoxin

16 (12)

5 (5)

 Beta-blockers

44 (32)

44 (44)

 Alpha-blockers

9 (7)

9 (9)

 Calcium channel blocker

22 (16)

22 (22)

 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

31 (23)

19 (19)

 Angiotensin II receptor blockers

31 (23)

44 (44)

 0.002*

 Thiazide diuretic

9 (7)

12 (12)

NS

 Loop diuretic

21 (15)

32 (32)

 0.007*

 Aldosterone receptor blocker

10 (7)

11 (11)

NS

 Centrally-acting antihypertensive

1 (< 1)

1(1)

 < 0.001*

 Statins

61 (45)

73 (74)

NS

 Ezetimibe

8 (6)

12 (12)