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Table 1 Univariate associations between demographic factors and self-efficacy, social support, and attitude towards self-care scores

From: The association between attitude, self-efficacy, and social support and adherence to diabetes self-care behavior

Characteristic

N (%)

Attitude towards self-care

Social support

Self-efficacy

Self-care

M ± SD

P value

M ± SD

P value

M ± SD

P value

M ± SD

P value

Age

M ± SD

57.5 ± 4.8

30.6 ± 1.7

135.5 ± 14.7

38.7 ± 5.8

38.1 ± 4.7

Gender

 Male

101 (25)

29.8 ± 7.8

0.772*

135 ± 33.0

0.21*

35.1 ± 6.8

0.007*

38.2 ± 6.7

0.38*

 Female

302 (75)

30.3 ± 9.2

 

142.7 ± 26.3

 

39.2 ± 7.4

 

39.4 ± 6.1

 

Marital status

 Married

367 (91)

34.5 ± 8.7

0.01*

141.5 ± 27.8

0.51*

43.1 ± 7.8

0.001*

40.2 ± 5.6

0.46*

 Single

36 (9)

28.2 ± 8.3

 

137.8 ± 26.4

 

37.2 ± 5.9

 

39.1 ± 5.3

 

Education

 Illiteracy or elementary school

116 (29)

29.2 ± 7.5

0.009**

130.2 ± 26.4

0.001**

34.8 ± 7.6

0.001**

35.6 ± 7.3

0.008**

 Secondary

206 (51)

34.8 ± 7.2

 

137.6 ± 28.3

 

42.2 ± 5.2

 

36.2 ± 5.9

 

 University

81 (20)

35.4 ± 8.5

 

158.9 ± 27.1

 

44.6 ± 6.3

 

41.3 ± 5.1

 

BMI

 Normal

113 (28)

31.8 ± 8.9

0.819**

148.8 ± 18.8

0.05**

41.6 ± 7.8

0.71**

40.4 ± 5.8

0.65**

 Overweight

205 (51)

30.6 ± 9.1

 

140.2 ± 19.4

 

40.3 ± 8.3

 

38.7 ± 5.5

 

 Obesity

85 (21)

30.0 ± 8.2

 

132.8 ± 21.7

 

39.3 ± 8.7

 

38.4 ± 7.2

 

Occupation

 Housewife

242 (60)

31.0 ± 8.7

0.835**

144.7 ± 31.0

0.810**

40.4 ± 7.6

0.04**

39.2 ± 7.3

0.79**

 Employed

69 (17)

31.1 ± 9.2

 

138.8 ± 28.2

 

41.7 ± 6.8

 

40.1 ± 6.0

 

 Unemployed

12 (3)

29.2 ± 8.6

 

133.7 ± 23.6

 

36.9 ± 9.0

 

38.0 ± 6.8

 

 Retired

80 (20)

30.5 ± 8.2

 

137.1 ± 28.0

 

34.5 ± 8.6

 

39.2 ± 6.2

 

Disease duration (years)

 < 10

301 (75)

31.0 ± 5.9

 

143.5 ± 27.3

0.47*

41.9 ± 5.8

0.001*

40.3 ± 6.5

0.20*

 > 10

102 (25)

30.3 ± 9.3

 

138.6 ± 27.0

 

35.8 ± 6.2

 

38.5 ± 5.1

 
  1. M mean, SD standard deviation
  2. * Using t test
  3. ** Using ANOVA