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Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies which assessed relationship between neck circumference and cardiometabolic risk factors

From: Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Coun try

Type of study

Populati on

n

Male/fe male

Agey

Diagnostic criteria of outcome

Unit of NC

Sex group

Confounder

Outcome

Measure of effect

Measure of associati on

Quality score

Khalangot et al. [14]

Ukraine

Cross-sectional

Healthy not registere dasT2D patients

196

46/150

 > 44

HbAlc ≥ 6.5%

 

Both sexes

Gender, BMI

DM

1.43 (1.05–1.96); p = 0.024

Adjuste OR (95% CI)

8

Yan et al. [9]

China

Cross-sectional

Healthy

2092

971/1121

 > 65

According to the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) criteria [1]

 

Male

Female

Age

MetS

11.53 (5.57–23.87) 7.69(4.91-12.04)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Q4/Q1)

7

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

Male

Female

Obesity

26.26 (11.02–62.57)

17.16 (9.59–30.70)

Fasting TG21.7 mmol/l

Male

Female

HighTG

3.06 (2.06–4.54)

2.01 (1.59–2.56)

Blood

pressure > 140/90 mmHg or known treatment for hypertension

Male

Female

HighBP

2.41 (1.94–3.00)

4.37 (2.81–6.7)

FBS ≥ 6.1  mmol/l or known treatment for diabetes

Male

Female

High FBS

1.89 (1.53–2.34)

1.68 (1.41–2.00)

Zepeda et al. [39]

USA

Cross-sectional

Healthy

1058

561/497

6–8

Systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥  95th percentile for age, sex and height

NC > 90th percentile

Both sexes

Age, gender and height

High BP

1.59 (1.05–2.40)

Adjusted OR (95% CI

8

de LucenaFerretti et al. [20]

Brazi1

Cross-sectional

Healthy

1667

751/916

10–17

Overweight and obesity according to the definitions of WHO

 ≥ 34.25 in boys and  ≥  31.25 in girls

Both sexes

Sex, age, weight, BMI, WC, pubertal stage, SBP, DBP, % body fat

Overweight Obesity

1.70 (0.85–3.39)

AdjustedOR (95% CI

7

 ≥ 37.95 in boys and  ≥ 32.65 in girls

3.26 (1.00–10.59)

Pereira et al. [17]

Brazi1

Cross-sectional

College students

702

62.7% were women

20–24

NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III

Neck circumference  ≥ 39 cm for men and  ≥  35 cm for women

Both sexes

Sex, age, occupational situation

MetS

5.4 (1.4–22.1)

Adjusted OR (95% CI

7

Zhou et al. [18]

China

Cross sectional

Healthy

4201

2508/1693

20–85

MetS according to the IDF criteria

Increased TG: ( ≥  1.7 mmol/L)

Decreased HDL-C (≤ 1.29 mmol/L for women)

High BP:(SBP >  130 orDBP ≥ 85 mmHg)

Increased FBS ( ≥  5.60 mmol/L)

NC of  ≥ 37 cm for men and  ≥ 33 cm for women

Male

Age, BMI, WC and waist to hip ratio

MetS

1.29 (1.12–1.48)

Adjusted OR (95% CI

8

High BP

1.15 (1.01–1.32)

Increased TG

1.16 (1.02–1.33)

Increased FBS

1.26 (1.06–1.50)

Female

MetS

1.44 (1.20–1.72)

High BP

1.22 (1.03–1.46)

Increased TG

1.42 (1.18–1.71)

Increased FBS

1.32 (1.06–1.65)

Decreased HDL-C

1.29 (1.10–1.51)

Kuciene et al. [22]

Lithuania

Case–control

Case: hypertensive

Control: healthy

1947

962/985

12–15

Prehypertension: SBPorDBP ≥ 90th and  < 95th percentile

Hypertension: SBP or DBP  ≥ 95th percentile

NC at  > 90th percentile

Both sexes

Age, sex

Prehypertension

2.99 (1.88–4.77)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

7

Hypertension

4.05 (3.03–5.41)

Prehyper tension/hypertension

3.75 (2.86–4.91)

Choet al. [19]

South Korea

Cohort

Healthy

3521

1784/1737

42–71

DM was defined based on the WHO criteria

–1st quartile: men: 35.1 cm Women: 30.7 cm

–4th quartile: Men: 40.3 cm

Women: 35.2 cm

Male

Female

Age, BMI orWC, family history of DM, antihypertensive medication, TG, alanine aminotransferase, hsCRP, PRA, HbAlc, HOMA-IRandlGI, daytime sleepiness

Incidence of diabetes mellitus

1.746 (1.037–2.942)

2.077 (1.068–4.038)

Adjusted

RR (95% CI)

8

Guo et al. [43]

China

Cross-sectional

Normal

6802

3631/3171

5–18

According to The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

NC  ≥  90th percentile

Normal weight subjects

Age, gender BMI, WC

Prehyper tension

1.439 (1.118–1.853)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

8

Overweight subjects

1.161 (0.738–1.826)

Obese subjects

0.892 (0.429–1.854)

Vallianou et al. [44]

Greece

Cross-sectional

consecutive adults who had visited the ‘Polykliniki’ General Hospital for a health check-up

490

194/296

18–89

CRP > 0.1 mg/dL

 

Total

Age and gender years of school, smoking, physical activity status, Diet and alcohol intake

High-SE C-reactive protein

1.14 (1.05–1.23)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

7

Kelishadi et al. [21]

Iran

Cross-sectional

School students

23043

11708/11335

6–18

Overweight was considered as BMI between the 85th and 94th centiles for age and sex, obesity as BMI  ≥  95th centile; and abdominal obesity as WHtR > 0.5.

 

Total

Adjusted for age, sex and living area

Over weight

General obesity

Abdominal obesity

1.07 (1.06–1.08)

1.10 (1.08–1.11)

1.20 (1.18–1.21)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

7

Zen et al. [45]

Brazi1

Case–control

CHD patients

376

242/134

40 years or over

Significant coronary artery disease defined by the presence of stenosis  ≥ 50% in a major epicardial coronary artery-left anterior descendent, circumflex or right coronary artery or their branches with or at least 2.5 mm of diameter

41.6 cm in men and 37.0 cm in women

Total

Age, sex, years at school, smoking, hypertension, HDL-C and diabetes mellitus

Significant coronary stenosis

2.4 (1.1–5.3)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

7