Study | Coun try | Type of study | Populati on | n | Male/fe male | Agey | Diagnostic criteria of outcome | Unit of NC | Sex group | Confounder | Outcome | Measure of effect | Measure of associati on | Quality score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khalangot et al. [14] | Ukraine | Cross-sectional | Healthy not registere dasT2D patients | 196 | 46/150 |  > 44 | HbAlc ≥ 6.5% |  | Both sexes | Gender, BMI | DM | 1.43 (1.05–1.96); p = 0.024 | Adjuste OR (95% CI) | 8 |
Yan et al. [9] | China | Cross-sectional | Healthy | 2092 | 971/1121 |  > 65 | According to the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) criteria [1] |  | Male Female | Age | MetS | 11.53 (5.57–23.87) 7.69(4.91-12.04) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Q4/Q1) | 7 |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | Male Female | Obesity | 26.26 (11.02–62.57) 17.16 (9.59–30.70) | |||||||||||
Fasting TG21.7 mmol/l | Male Female | HighTG | 3.06 (2.06–4.54) 2.01 (1.59–2.56) | |||||||||||
Blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg or known treatment for hypertension | Male Female | HighBP | 2.41 (1.94–3.00) 4.37 (2.81–6.7) | |||||||||||
FBS ≥ 6.1 mmol/l or known treatment for diabetes | Male Female | High FBS | 1.89 (1.53–2.34) 1.68 (1.41–2.00) | |||||||||||
Zepeda et al. [39] | USA | Cross-sectional | Healthy | 1058 | 561/497 | 6–8 | Systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥  95th percentile for age, sex and height | NC > 90th percentile | Both sexes | Age, gender and height | High BP | 1.59 (1.05–2.40) | Adjusted OR (95% CI | 8 |
de LucenaFerretti et al. [20] | Brazi1 | Cross-sectional | Healthy | 1667 | 751/916 | 10–17 | Overweight and obesity according to the definitions of WHO |  ≥ 34.25 in boys and  ≥  31.25 in girls | Both sexes | Sex, age, weight, BMI, WC, pubertal stage, SBP, DBP, % body fat | Overweight Obesity | 1.70 (0.85–3.39) | AdjustedOR (95% CI | 7 |
 ≥ 37.95 in boys and  ≥ 32.65 in girls | ||||||||||||||
3.26 (1.00–10.59) | ||||||||||||||
Pereira et al. [17] | Brazi1 | Cross-sectional | College students | 702 | 62.7% were women | 20–24 | NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III | Neck circumference  ≥ 39 cm for men and  ≥  35 cm for women | Both sexes | Sex, age, occupational situation | MetS | 5.4 (1.4–22.1) | Adjusted OR (95% CI | 7 |
Zhou et al. [18] | China | Cross sectional | Healthy | 4201 | 2508/1693 | 20–85 | MetS according to the IDF criteria Increased TG: ( ≥  1.7 mmol/L) Decreased HDL-C (≤ 1.29 mmol/L for women) High BP:(SBP >  130 orDBP ≥ 85 mmHg) Increased FBS ( ≥  5.60 mmol/L) | NC of  ≥ 37 cm for men and  ≥ 33 cm for women | Male | Age, BMI, WC and waist to hip ratio | MetS | 1.29 (1.12–1.48) | Adjusted OR (95% CI | 8 |
High BP | 1.15 (1.01–1.32) | |||||||||||||
Increased TG | 1.16 (1.02–1.33) | |||||||||||||
Increased FBS | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | |||||||||||||
Female | MetS | 1.44 (1.20–1.72) | ||||||||||||
High BP | 1.22 (1.03–1.46) | |||||||||||||
Increased TG | 1.42 (1.18–1.71) | |||||||||||||
Increased FBS | 1.32 (1.06–1.65) | |||||||||||||
Decreased HDL-C | 1.29 (1.10–1.51) | |||||||||||||
Kuciene et al. [22] | Lithuania | Case–control | Case: hypertensive Control: healthy | 1947 | 962/985 | 12–15 | Prehypertension: SBPorDBP ≥ 90th and  < 95th percentile Hypertension: SBP or DBP  ≥ 95th percentile | NC at  > 90th percentile | Both sexes | Age, sex | Prehypertension | 2.99 (1.88–4.77) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 7 |
Hypertension | 4.05 (3.03–5.41) | |||||||||||||
Prehyper tension/hypertension | 3.75 (2.86–4.91) | |||||||||||||
Choet al. [19] | South Korea | Cohort | Healthy | 3521 | 1784/1737 | 42–71 | DM was defined based on the WHO criteria | –1st quartile: men: 35.1 cm Women: 30.7 cm –4th quartile: Men: 40.3 cm Women: 35.2 cm | Male Female | Age, BMI orWC, family history of DM, antihypertensive medication, TG, alanine aminotransferase, hsCRP, PRA, HbAlc, HOMA-IRandlGI, daytime sleepiness | Incidence of diabetes mellitus | 1.746 (1.037–2.942) 2.077 (1.068–4.038) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 8 |
Guo et al. [43] | China | Cross-sectional | Normal | 6802 | 3631/3171 | 5–18 | According to The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents | NC  ≥  90th percentile | Normal weight subjects | Age, gender BMI, WC | Prehyper tension | 1.439 (1.118–1.853) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 8 |
Overweight subjects | 1.161 (0.738–1.826) | |||||||||||||
Obese subjects | 0.892 (0.429–1.854) | |||||||||||||
Vallianou et al. [44] | Greece | Cross-sectional | consecutive adults who had visited the ‘Polykliniki’ General Hospital for a health check-up | 490 | 194/296 | 18–89 | CRP > 0.1 mg/dL |  | Total | Age and gender years of school, smoking, physical activity status, Diet and alcohol intake | High-SE C-reactive protein | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 7 |
Kelishadi et al. [21] | Iran | Cross-sectional | School students | 23043 | 11708/11335 | 6–18 | Overweight was considered as BMI between the 85th and 94th centiles for age and sex, obesity as BMI  ≥  95th centile; and abdominal obesity as WHtR > 0.5. |  | Total | Adjusted for age, sex and living area | Over weight General obesity Abdominal obesity | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) 1.10 (1.08–1.11) 1.20 (1.18–1.21) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 7 |
Zen et al. [45] | Brazi1 | Case–control | CHD patients | 376 | 242/134 | 40 years or over | Significant coronary artery disease defined by the presence of stenosis  ≥ 50% in a major epicardial coronary artery-left anterior descendent, circumflex or right coronary artery or their branches with or at least 2.5 mm of diameter | 41.6 cm in men and 37.0 cm in women | Total | Age, sex, years at school, smoking, hypertension, HDL-C and diabetes mellitus | Significant coronary stenosis | 2.4 (1.1–5.3) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 7 |