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Table 1 Participants’ demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics according to the presence of metabolic syndrome

From: Accuracy of insulin resistance indices for metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in adults

 

Metabolic syndrome

Absent

Present

P valuea

Number (%)

43 (23.5)

140 (76.5)

Women n (%)

35 (81.4)

99 (70.7)

0.235

Age (years)

47.0 ± 12.8

54.1 ± 11.1

0.001d

White ethnicity n (%)b

34 (79.1)

110 (78.5)

0.811

Smoking n (%)

5 (11.6)

17 (12.1)

0.617

Physical activityc

0.057

 Sedentary n (%)

16 (37.2)

78 (55.7)

 Light exercise n (%)

18 (41.9)

42 (30.0)

 Moderate exercise n (%)

6 (14.0)

18 (12.9)

 Heavy exercise n (%)

3 (7.0)

2 (1.4)

BMI (kg/m2)

27.8 ± 5.1

32.3 ± 5.9

< 0.05d

Overweight n (%)

17 (39.5%)

50 (35.7%)

< 0.05d

Obesity n (%)

14 (32.6%)

83 (59.2%)

< 0.05d

Waist circumference (cm)

< 0.05d

 Women

95.0 ± 13.4

103.0 ± 12.2

 

 Men

93.8 ± 11.4

107.0 ± 12.2

 

Glucose tolerance status

< 0.001d

 Normal glucose tolerance n (%)

39 (90.7)

19 (13.6)

 

 Prediabetes n (%)

3 (7.0)

78 (55.7)

 

 Type 2 diabetes n (%)

1 (2.3)

43 (30.7)

 

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)

5.0 (4.5–5.5)

5.8 (5.2–6.3)

< 0.05d

2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l)

6.1 (4.9–6.9)

9.5 (8.3–11.6)

< 0.05d

HbA1c (%)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)

6.2 (5.7–6.7)

< 0.001d

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

37 (34–40)

44 (39–50)

< 0.001d

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.35 (1.21–1.61)

1.19 (1.01–1.37)

< 0.05d

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.11 (0.78–1.52)

1.45 (1.11–1.99)

< 0.05d

High-sensitive C-reactive protein (nmol/l)

15.2 (5.7–31.4)

38.1 (12.4–80.0)

< 0.001d

Adiponectin (μg/mL)

16.5 (10.4–21.8)

11.0 (7.9–14.0)

0.001d

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

123.5 (115–135)

142.5 (128.3–161.1)

< 0.05d

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

78.7 ± 11.2

87.6 ± 13.1

< 0.05d

Medications

 Antihypertensive n (%)

9 (20.9)

75 (53.5)

< 0.001d

 Statin n (%)

4 (9.5)

24 (17.1)

0.325

 Hypoglycemic n (%)

0 (0)

9 (6.4)

0.164

Insulin resistance indices

 2 h-insulin/2 h-glucose ratio

0.27 (0.40–0.70)

0.60 (0.37–0.96)

0.141

 Fasting insulin (Ins0min)

7.7 (4.9–10.3)

12.5 (7.9–18.3)

< 0.001b

 Fasting insulin/fasting glucose ratio

0.08 (0.05–0.10)

0.12 (0.07–0.17)

0.013b

 FIRI

1.5 (1.0–2.2)

3.0 (1.8–4.3)

< 0.001b

 HOMA-IR

1.6 (1.1–2.4)

3.3 (2.0–4.8)

< 0.001b

 HOMA-2-IR

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

0.25 (0.20–0.40)

< 0.001b

 Matsuda

2.2 (1.6–3.2)

3.6 (2.8–5.1)

< 0.001b

Insulin sensitivity indices

 Avignon

14.0 (9.2–26.2)

6.2 (4.1–9.6)

< 0.001b

 Bennet

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

0.45 (0.39–0.55)

< 0.001b

 Gutt

4.5 (3.7–5.4)

2.4 (2.1–3.2)

< 0.001b

 HOMA-2-IS

692 (525–1081)

410 (278–654)

< 0.001b

 ISI0min

15.1 (10.3–22.8)

7.5 (5.2–11.8)

< 0.001b

 ISI120min

69.8 (27.7–40.4)

60.9 (37.2–95.9)

0.141

 McAuley

8.3 (7.5–9.7)

7.1 (6.3–8.3)

0.001b

 OGIS

422 (379–467)

325 (276–371)

< 0.001b

 QUICKI

3.1 (3.0–3.4)

2.9 (2.8–3.1)

0.059

 Raynaud

5.2 (3.9–8.2)

3.2 (2.2–5.0)

< 0.001b

 Stumvoll with demographics

12.2 (9.6–15.2)

14.1 (2.2–27.8)

< 0.001b

 Stumvoll without demographics

0.5 (0.5–1.0)

0.3 (0.25–0.50)

< 0.001b

Other indices

 Adiponectin

16.5 (10.0–22.9)

11.1 (8.2–14)

0.001b

 HOMA-AD

2.4 (1.6–3.9)

6.1 (3.5–12.4)

< 0.001b

  1. Data are expressed as the absolute number, % or mean ± standard deviation or median (P25–75)
  2. aP value for comparisons between two groups was tested by χ2 test for categorical variables or Student’s t-test for continuous variables
  3. bEthnicity was recorded as white or non-white, which included black (n = 13), brown (n = 9), yellow (n = 0), indigenous (n = 3) and undeclared (n = 14)
  4. cParticipants reported the frequency of exercise in four categories, adapted from the classification proposed by Tuomilehto et al. [12]
  5. dSignificant statistical difference (P < 0.05)