Table 1 Baseline characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Publication year | Country | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Percentage male (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | DM types | Cutoff of Hcy (μmol/L) | Adjusted factor | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccaro [23] | 1997 | Japan | 25 | 44.9 | 72.0 | NA | 1 | 10.0 | Age, gender, blood pressure, creatinine, plasma cholesterol, smoking status | 6 |
Hofmann [24] | 1998 | France | 75 | 51.0 | 46.7 | 24.2 | 1 | 15.8 | Age, gender, diabetes duration, diabetes control, blood pressure, BMI, plasma cholesterol | 8 |
Hoogeveen [25] | 2000 | Netherlands | 625 | 64.3 | 48.2 | 27.2 | 2 | 16.0 | Age, gender, BMI, creatinine, plasma cholesterol | 7 |
Buysschaert [26] | 2000 | Belgium | 122 | 62.6 | 67.2 | 29.6 | 1 | 15.0 | Age, gender, diabetes duration, hypoglycemia medication, blood pressure, triglyceride, LDL, HDL | 7 |
Agullo-Ortuno [27] | 2002 | Spain | 89 | 43.8 | 51.7 | NA | Both | 15.6 (men) and 13.9 (women) | Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL | 6 |
Goldstein [28] | 2004 | Israel | 335 | 69.4 | 51.3 | NA | Both | 15.0 | Age, blood pressure, other complications | 7 |
de Luis [29] | 2005 | Spain | 155 | 64.6 | 41.9 | 29.6 | 2 | 15.0 | Age, blood pressure, BMI, creatinine, plasma cholesterol | 6 |
Golbahar [30] | 2008 | Bahrain | 254 | 56.1 | 54.3 | 25.5 | 2 | 12.0 (men) and 15.0 (women) | Age, gender, diabetes duration, diabetes control, BMI, HDL, smoking status | 8 |
Satyanarayana [3] | 2011 | US | 300 | 55.1 | 56.1 | 24.4 | 2 | 12.0 | Age, hypoglycemia medication, plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein | 7 |
Sato [31] | 2013 | Japan | 84 | 62.0 | 78.6 | 25.3 | 2 | 10.0 | Metformin, eGFR, and B12 | 6 |
Bulum [32] | 2014 | Croatia | 100 | 47.0 | 54.0 | 25.0 | 1 | 15.0 | Age, eGFR, blood pressure, triglyceride | 7 |