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Table 4 The odds ratios of type 2 diabetes across quartiles of energy-adjusted total protein intake by dietary patterns

From: Association between dietary protein intake and type 2 diabetes varies by dietary pattern

 

Energy-adjusted total protein intake quintiles, OR (95% CI)

P for trend

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Total protein

 Overall

1

0.89 (0.66, 1.20)

1.09 (0.80, 1.46)

1.23 (0.89, 1.69)

0.117

 Legumes and seafood

1

0.65 (0.37, 1.10)

0.97 (0.58, 1.61)

0.78 (0.45, 1.36)

0.892

 Red meat

1

1.74 (0.97, 3.27)

2.80 (1.57, 5.01)

3.12 (1.65, 5.91)

< 0.001

 Refined grains

1

0.93 (0.58, 1.51)

1.02 (0.62, 1.69)

1.06 (0.63, 1.81)

0.298

Animal protein

 Overall

1

0.76 (0.56, 1.02)

0.81 (0.59, 1.12)

1.32 (0.93, 1.89)

0.104

 Legumes and seafood

1

0.80 (0.47, 1.37)

0.85 (0.50, 1.51)

1.03 (0.54, 1.77)

0.770

 Red meat

1

2.42 (1.38, 4.33)

2.87 (1.57 ,5.34)

3.48 (1.87, 6.60)

< 0.001

 Refined grains

1

0.70 (0.45, 1.10)

0.64 (0.40, 1.03)

0.55 (0.32, 0.89)

< 0.05

Plant protein

 Overall

1

0.86 (0.65, 1.14)

0.75 (0.57, 1.02)

0.72 (0.51, 0.95)

< 0.05

 Legumes and seafood

1

0.77 (0.48, 1.24)

0.64 (0.40, 1.01)

0.58 (0.33, 0.96)

< 0.05

 Red meat

1

1.48 (0.87, 2.63)

1.28 (0.74, 2.27)

1.20 (0.628, 2.21)

0.205

 Refined grains

1

0.88 (0.54, 1.42)

1.06 (0.67, 1.69)

1.09 (0.67, 1.81)

0.289

  1. a Adjusted age (continuous), gender (male, female), PAL (continuous), smoking status (yes, no), alcohol consumption (yes, no), coffee consumption (yes, no), tea consumption (yes, no), annual income (< 9000; 9000–15,000; > 15,000—25,000; > 25,000), education (low, middle, high), total energy intake (continuous), carbohydrate to energy ratio from refined grains or tubers, from the other plant sources (continuous), energy-adjusted intake (continuous) of SFA, PUFA, MUFA, fiber, and cholesterol, BMI (continuous)