Table 1 Baseline characteristics and albumin-adjusted serum calcium concentrations of the study participants (n = 8800)
Characteristics | Valuesa | Calciumb, mean (SD) | p-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | < 0.0001 | ||
Men | 4105 (47) | 9.38 (0.56) | |
Women | 4695 (53) | 9.44 (0.48) | |
Area | < 0.0001 | ||
Ansung | 4358 (50) | 9.44 (0.49) | |
Ansan | 4442 (50) | 9.38 (0.54) | |
Monthly family income | < 0.0001 | ||
< $869 | 3000 (35) | 9.48 (0.49) | |
$869–$1738 | 2561 (30) | 9.41 (0.50) | |
$1738–$3475 | 2443 (28) | 9.35 (0.54) | |
≥ $3475 | 634 (7) | 9.24 (0.56) | |
Tobacco smoking | < 0.0001 | ||
Non-smoker | 5160 (59) | 9.42 (0.49) | |
Ex-smoker | 1305 (15) | 9.34 (0.56) | |
Current smoker | 2216 (26) | 9.40 (0.55) | |
Alcohol intake | < 0.0001 | ||
Non-drinker | 4036 (46) | 9.43 (0.49) | |
Ex-drinker | 546 (6) | 9.42 (0.53) | |
Current drinker | 4137 (47) | 9.38 (0.54) | |
Physical activity | 0.0014 | ||
None | 6629 (75) | 9.42 (0.52) | |
< 3 episodes/week | 428 (5) | 9.35 (0.53) | |
≥ 3 episodes/week | 1743 (20) | 9.38 (0.51) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.0005 | ||
< 18.5 | 167 (2) | 9.42 (0.51) | |
18.5–25 | 4997 (57) | 9.39 (0.52) | |
25–30 | 3225 (37) | 9.43 (0.52) | |
≥ 30 | 407 (5) | 9.48 (0.49) | |
Age (years) | 51.8 (8.8) | < 0.0001 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.1 (18.8) | < 0.0001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.6 (12.1) | 0.0073 | |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.7 (13.9) | < 0.0001 | |
HOMA-IR | 1.3 (1.9) | 0.0049 | |
Insulinogenic index | 0.4 (3.9) | 0.0247 | |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 83.0 (8.8) | < 0.0001 | |
Post-load 2-h glucose (mg/dL) | 115.3 (30.9) | 0.4335 | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (0.4) | < 0.0001 | |