Table 2 Frequency of diabetic retinopathy in Brazilian Xavante Indians according to clinical data and age and sex adjusted prevalence ratios

Age (years)

 18–39

4.6

Reference

Reference

 40–59

27.1

6.0 (1.4–24.6)*

6.3 (1.5–26.2)*

 60 or more

24.3

5.3 (1.2–23.2)*

5.4 (1.2–23.5)*

Sex

 Men

17.5

Reference

Reference

 Women

20.0

1.1 (0.5–2.5)

1.4 (0.6–3.0)

Duration of DM

 ≤ 24 months

2.7

Reference

Reference

 25–108 months

29.8

10.9 (2.6–45.2)*

2.3 (1.4–3.7)*

 > 108 months

80.0

29.2 (7.2–118.6)*

3.8 (2.0–7.0)*

Smoking

 Yes

6.7

Reference

Reference

 No

20.8

3.1 (0.4–21.4)

2.6 (0.3–17.7)

Waist circumference

 Abnormal

16.4

Reference

Reference

 Normal

27.8

1.7 (0.8–3.4)

3.1 (1.3–7.4)*

BMI (kg/m²)

 < 25

31.6

Reference

Reference

 25–29.9

25.5

0.8 (0.3–1.8)

0.5 (0.2–1.4)

 ≥ 30

11.4

0.4 (0.1–0.9)*

0.3 (0.1–0.8)*

Hypertension

 No

20.7

Reference

Reference

 Yes

12.5

0.6 (0.1–1.8)

0.5 (0.1–1.5)

Cataract

 No

15.5

Reference

Reference

 Yes

29.7

1.9 (0.9–3.7)

1.8 (0.8–4.1)

Papillary excavation

 0.1–0.4

16.4

Reference

Reference

 0.5–0.9

50.0

3.0 (1.5–6.1)

2.7 (1.3–5.4)*

Visual acuity

 0–0.5

18.0

Reference

Reference

 0.6–0.9

23.5

1.3 (0.5–3.4)

1.0 (0.3–2.7)

 ≥ 1

40.0

2.2 (0.7–7.0)

1.8 (0.6–5.3)

Fasting glycemia

 < 140 mg/dL

0

Reference

 140 mg/dL

25.7

Total cholesterol

 < 200 mg/dL

20.7

Reference

Reference

 ≥ 200 mg/dL

13.3

0.6 (0.1–2.5)

0.7 (0.2–2.8)

HDL

 Normal

20.8

Reference

Reference

 Abnormal

19.6

0.9 (0.3–2.2)

0.7 (0.2–1.7)

Triglycerides

 < 150 mg/dL

6.2

Reference

Reference

 ≥ 150 mg/dL

24.0

3.9 (0.9–15.3)

3.7 (0.9–14.7)

LDL

 < 100 mg/dL

17.8

Reference

Reference

 ≥ 100 mg/dL

14.3

0.8 (0.2–3.1)

0.8 (0.2–3.2)

C-reactive protein

 Normal

23.0

Reference

Reference

 Abnormal

17.3

0.7 (0.3–1.5)

0.7 (0.3–1.4)

HbA1c (%)

 < 6.5

0

Reference

 ≥ 6.5%

26.0

Microalbuminuria

 Normal

17.1

Reference

Reference

 Abnormal

31.1

1.8 (0.9–3.5)

1.9 (1.0–3.5)