|
Demographics
|
|
Age (years)
|
58 [40–84]
|
59 [40–69]
|
NS
|
59 [35–80]
|
57 [37–70]
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Gender (M/F)
|
29/21
|
50/38
|
NS
|
13/16
|
30/70
|
NS
|
0.0001
|
|
Smoking (yes/no)
|
5/45
|
14/74
|
NS
|
2/27
|
4/96
|
NS
|
0.011
|
|
Alcohol usage (yes/no)
|
15/35
|
26/62
|
NS
|
6/23
|
6/94
|
0.027
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Physical exercise (yes/no)
|
35/15
|
73/15
|
NS
|
16/13
|
82/18
|
0.006
|
NS
|
|
Family history of T2DM (yes/no)
|
3/47
|
11/77
|
NS
|
2/27
|
1/99
|
NS
|
0.009
|
|
Anthropometrics
|
|
WHR
|
0.94 [0.86–1.07]
|
0.92 [0.83–1.18]
|
< 0.0001
|
0.93 [0.82–1.1]
|
0.88 [0.72–1.3]
|
0.001
|
< 0.0001
|
|
BMI
|
26.7 [25–36.3]
|
22.4 [17.7–24.9]
|
< 0.0001
|
26.2 [25.1–29.6]
|
22.3 [16–24.9]
|
< 0.0001
|
0.008
|
|
Biochemical and clinical characteristics
|
|
GOT (AST) (U/l)
|
22 [10–60]
|
19 [10–65]
|
0.025
|
27 [19–46]
|
24 [4–105]
|
0.043
|
0.006
|
|
GPT (ALT) (U/l)
|
28 [11–109]
|
19.5 [8–86]
|
0.001
|
29 [19–68]
|
21 [7–177]
|
0.001
|
NS
|
|
Total bilirubin (µmol/l)
|
9.4 [4.3–21.2]
|
7.5 [3.4–21.6]
|
0.047
|
9.4 [4.4–18.7]
|
9.8 [2.7–30]
|
NS
|
0.001
|
|
Blood urea (mmol/l)
|
5.2 [3.2–9]
|
5.4 [2.1–11.8]
|
NS
|
5.5 [3.6–8.7]
|
5.65 [2.7–9.2]
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Blood creatinine (µmol/l)
|
69.5 [38–123]
|
68 [38–121]
|
NS
|
67 [48–128]
|
64 [45–96]
|
NS
|
0.015
|
|
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)
|
8.6 [7–28.9]
|
7.65 [7–21.6]
|
0.002
|
5.3 [4.3–5.6]
|
5.3 [4–5.6]
|
NA
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Urine glucose (pos/neg)
|
10/40
|
12/76
|
NS
|
0/29
|
6/94
|
NA
|
0.0026
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
|
2.5 [0.4–9.1]
|
1.8 [0.34–19.6]
|
0.014
|
1.97 [0.5–6.0]
|
1.43 [0.3–16.8]
|
NS
|
0.023
|
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)
|
5.0 [2.9–9.2]
|
5.0 [3.8–8.5]
|
NS
|
4.6 [3.3–7.3]
|
5.2 [3.0–7.8]
|
0.012
|
NS
|
|
HDL-C (mmol/l)
|
1.1 [0.6–1.85]
|
1.2 [0.7–4.6]
|
0.042
|
1.26 [0.9–2.1]
|
1.35 [0.7–2.7]
|
0.019
|
0.002
|
|
LDL-C (mmol/l)
|
2.7 [0.8–4.1]
|
3.0 [1.0–4.5]
|
NS
|
2.7 [0.8–4.8]
|
3.0 [1.1–5.9]
|
0.037
|
NS
|
|
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%)
|
7 [5.4–14.4]
|
6.8 [5.2–10.9]
|
NS
|
5.9 [4–6.4]
|
5.6 [4.2–8.5]
|
0.004
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Insulin (mIU/l)
|
8.96 [2.7–54.5]
|
6.5 [1.3–23.2]
|
0.002
|
7.8 [3.5–10.2]
|
6.4 [0.08–17.5]
|
NS
|
0.004
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
3.6 [1.3–48.9]
|
2.3 [0.4–9.7]
|
< 0.0001
|
1.8 [0.8–2.5]
|
1.5 [0.01–4.2]
|
NS
|
< 0.0001
|
|
QUICKI
|
0.8 [0.5–0.9]
|
0.86 [0.7–1.07]
|
< 0.0001
|
0.9 [0.8–1.4]
|
0.9 [0.7–1.6]
|
NS
|
< 0.0001
|
|
HOMA-β
|
33.6 [3.5–279.2]
|
27.4 [4.6–111.5]
|
NS
|
89.9 [38.5–222.1]
|
74.1 [3.0–370.8]
|
NS
|
< 0.0001
|
