Table 1 Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controls
Characteristics | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Without type 2 diabetes mellitus | P value (*) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight T2DM (n = 50) | Non-overweight T2DM (n = 88) | P value | Overweight individuals (n = 29) | Non-overweight individuals (n = 100) | P value | ||
Demographics | |||||||
 Age (years) | 58 [40–84] | 59 [40–69] | NS | 59 [35–80] | 57 [37–70] | NS | NS |
 Gender (M/F) | 29/21 | 50/38 | NS | 13/16 | 30/70 | NS | 0.0001 |
 Smoking (yes/no) | 5/45 | 14/74 | NS | 2/27 | 4/96 | NS | 0.011 |
 Alcohol usage (yes/no) | 15/35 | 26/62 | NS | 6/23 | 6/94 | 0.027 | < 0.0001 |
 Physical exercise (yes/no) | 35/15 | 73/15 | NS | 16/13 | 82/18 | 0.006 | NS |
 Family history of T2DM (yes/no) | 3/47 | 11/77 | NS | 2/27 | 1/99 | NS | 0.009 |
Anthropometrics | |||||||
 WHR | 0.94 [0.86–1.07] | 0.92 [0.83–1.18] | < 0.0001 | 0.93 [0.82–1.1] | 0.88 [0.72–1.3] | 0.001 | < 0.0001 |
 BMI | 26.7 [25–36.3] | 22.4 [17.7–24.9] | < 0.0001 | 26.2 [25.1–29.6] | 22.3 [16–24.9] | < 0.0001 | 0.008 |
Biochemical and clinical characteristics | |||||||
 GOT (AST) (U/l) | 22 [10–60] | 19 [10–65] | 0.025 | 27 [19–46] | 24 [4–105] | 0.043 | 0.006 |
 GPT (ALT) (U/l) | 28 [11–109] | 19.5 [8–86] | 0.001 | 29 [19–68] | 21 [7–177] | 0.001 | NS |
 Total bilirubin (µmol/l) | 9.4 [4.3–21.2] | 7.5 [3.4–21.6] | 0.047 | 9.4 [4.4–18.7] | 9.8 [2.7–30] | NS | 0.001 |
 Blood urea (mmol/l) | 5.2 [3.2–9] | 5.4 [2.1–11.8] | NS | 5.5 [3.6–8.7] | 5.65 [2.7–9.2] | NS | NS |
 Blood creatinine (µmol/l) | 69.5 [38–123] | 68 [38–121] | NS | 67 [48–128] | 64 [45–96] | NS | 0.015 |
 Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 8.6 [7–28.9] | 7.65 [7–21.6] | 0.002 | 5.3 [4.3–5.6] | 5.3 [4–5.6] | NA | < 0.0001 |
 Urine glucose (pos/neg) | 10/40 | 12/76 | NS | 0/29 | 6/94 | NA | 0.0026 |
 Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.5 [0.4–9.1] | 1.8 [0.34–19.6] | 0.014 | 1.97 [0.5–6.0] | 1.43 [0.3–16.8] | NS | 0.023 |
 Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0 [2.9–9.2] | 5.0 [3.8–8.5] | NS | 4.6 [3.3–7.3] | 5.2 [3.0–7.8] | 0.012 | NS |
 HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.1 [0.6–1.85] | 1.2 [0.7–4.6] | 0.042 | 1.26 [0.9–2.1] | 1.35 [0.7–2.7] | 0.019 | 0.002 |
 LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.7 [0.8–4.1] | 3.0 [1.0–4.5] | NS | 2.7 [0.8–4.8] | 3.0 [1.1–5.9] | 0.037 | NS |
 Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) | 7 [5.4–14.4] | 6.8 [5.2–10.9] | NS | 5.9 [4–6.4] | 5.6 [4.2–8.5] | 0.004 | < 0.0001 |
 Insulin (mIU/l) | 8.96 [2.7–54.5] | 6.5 [1.3–23.2] | 0.002 | 7.8 [3.5–10.2] | 6.4 [0.08–17.5] | NS | 0.004 |
 HOMA-IR | 3.6 [1.3–48.9] | 2.3 [0.4–9.7] | < 0.0001 | 1.8 [0.8–2.5] | 1.5 [0.01–4.2] | NS | < 0.0001 |
 QUICKI | 0.8 [0.5–0.9] | 0.86 [0.7–1.07] | < 0.0001 | 0.9 [0.8–1.4] | 0.9 [0.7–1.6] | NS | <  0.0001 |
 HOMA-β | 33.6 [3.5–279.2] | 27.4 [4.6–111.5] | NS | 89.9 [38.5–222.1] | 74.1 [3.0–370.8] | NS | < 0.0001 |