The impact of a disease management programme for type 2 diabetes on health-related quality of life: multilevel analysis of a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics disaggregated by sex (per protocol analysis population)

	Number of participants	Total	Female	Male
	Total/ female	Proportion in %	Proportion in %	Proportion in %	p-value^a
Intervention group (%)	1139/543	45.0	45.9	44.1	0.592
Austrian (%)	1136/540	94.5	95.6	93.6	0.191
Living alone (%)	1116/532	22.0	30.6	14.0	< 0.001
Higher education (school leaving examination or higher) (%)	1128/538	8.5	5.4	11.4	< 0.001
Working fulltime (%)	1136/541	14.0	7.0	20.3	< 0.001
Smoker (%)	1139/543	13.8	10.3	16.9	0.001
Any manifestation of coronary heart disease (%)^c	1139/543	14.7	10.1	18.8	< 0.001
Any macrovasculardiabetic complication (%)^d	1139/543	24.1	19.5	28.2	0.001

	Total/ female	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p-value^b
Age (mean years ± SD)	1139/543	65.42 ± 10.28	66.89 ± 10.56	64.07 ± 9.84	< 0.001
Duration of diabetes (mean years ± SD)	1089/519	7.13 ± 6.76	7.34 ± 7.08	6.95 ± 6.46	0.349
HbA1c (% ± SD)	1139/543	7.37 ± 1.38	7.39 ± 1.31	7.35 ± 1.44	0.614
Creatinine (µmol/l ± SD)	1138/542	0.96 ± 0.36	0.87 ± 0.31	1.04 ± 0.39	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/l ± SD)	1139/543	181.40 ± 155.71	168.66 ± 117.97	193.00 ± 182.78	0.143
Cholesterol (mmol/l ± SD)	1139/543	195.75 ± 42.95	204.02 ± 43.62	188.21 ± 40.83	< 0.001
HDL (mmol/l ± SD)	1137/542	51.25 ± 14.35	55.71 ± 14.62	47.18 ± 12.83	< 0.001
LDL (mmol/l ± SD)	1091/530	110.03 ± 35.75	115.45 ± 37.34	104.91 ± 33.42	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg ± SD)	1139/543	139.41 ± 17.78	140.34 ± 18.16	138.56 ± 17.39	0.092
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg ± SD)	1139/543	82.22 ± 10.61	82.10 ± 10.87	82.34 ± 10.39	0.700
BMI (kg/m²)	1139/543	29.99 ± 4.91	30.20 ± 5.30	29.81 ± 4.52	0.301
EQ-VAS	1139/543	71.10 ± 18.01	69.24 ± 18.81	72.80 ± 17.09	0.002
EQ-index	1098/519	0.88 ± 0.17	0.86 ± 0.19	0.90 ± 0.16	< 0.001

^aFisher’s exact test or Chi Square-Test, respectively
^bIndependent T Test or Mann–Whitney-Test, respectively
^cMyocardial infarction and/or PTCA/stenting and/or coronary bypass
^dMyocardial infarction and/or PTCA/stenting and/or coronary bypass and/or stroke and/or carotid surgery and/or amputation/gangrene and/or peripheral artery bypass or PTA

ISSN: 1758-5996