Bridging glycated hemoglobin with quality of life and health state; a randomized case–control study among type 2 diabetes patients

Table 4 Distribution pattern of quality of life (QOL) and health-status in knowledge and self-care behavior of study population

Characteristics	Control (n = 199)				Arm 1 (n = 204)					Arm 2 (n = 197)					ARM 1 vs 2
	QOL		Health status		QOL		Health status		p ^ł	QOL		Health status		p ^ł	p-value
	Mean	p-sig	Mean	p-sig	Mean	p-sign	Mean	p-sign	p ^ł	Mean	p-sign	Mean	p-sign	p ^ł	p-value
Diabetes prevents daily activity
Never	12.17	0.00	75.27	0.01	10.24	0.00	73.11	0.35	0.00^#	11.12	0.00	67.91	0.26	0.00^#	0.23^#
Sometime	10.09		66.42		12.29		71.79		0.00^≠	11.60		65.41		0.01^≠	0.00^≠
Mostly	9.03		65.37		8.28		71.07			9.25		60.92
Positive management
Poor ability	9.22	0.68	64.13	0.01	9.46	0.14	65.51	0.43	0.36^#	10.46	0.03	63.16	0.87	0.00^#	0.02^#
Moderate	9.83		67.01		9.68		64.32		0.02^≠	9.72		65.39		0.01^≠	0.73^≠
Good ability	9.71		72.81		9.57		67.87			10.57		65.98
Knowledge of DM and its management
Fair	11.64	0.00	64.17	0.00	11.36	0.00	65.31	0.02	0.00^#	11.86	0.39	64.13	0.01	0.01^#	0.56^#
Above average	9.07		69.36		9.73		66.87		0.00^≠	11.19		65.20		0.01^≠	0.43^≠
Good	9.73		70.39		10.33		71.09			10.38		68.13
Excellent	12.33		85.32		10.00		73.81			9.35		73.23
Self-care activities (days/week)
1–3	10.02	0.00	65.74	0.00	9.89	0.47	66.01	0.00	0.00^#	11.35	0.02	64.87	0.43	0.00^#	0.00^#
4–7	9.23		73.48		9.67		75.01		0.33^≠	10.11		69.85		0.02^≠	0.26^≠
None	10.98		61.93		10.01		60.33			10.89		60.13
Prior diabetes education
Yes	10.36	0.02	74.19	0.01	10.53	0.02	69.39	0.03	0.43^#	11.29	0.36	65.32	0.04	0.00^#	0.00^#
No	8.82		66.15		9.32		63.25		0.01^≠	10.21		61.47		0.01^≠	0.63^≠

^łp value against control group. * p < 0.05, N.B: merging Likert-scale for evaluating differences in response. ^# vs QOL, ^≠ vs health status. Health status: 0–100 (worst imaginable health to best health)

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