Table 2 Characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes according to groups of renal function

Age, (year)

28.7 ± 11.7

28.1 ± 10.0

37.9 ± 11.7*

p < 0.001

Gender, (% female)

631 (53.9)

125 (50.8)

186 (68.8)*

p < 0.001

Duration of diabetes, (year)

14.1 ± 9.1

15.2 ± 7.5

20.8 ± 9.8*

p < 0.001

Years of study, (year)

12.3 ± 3.9

11.9 ± 3.5

11.8 ± 3.8

p = 0.086

Insulin dose, (units/kg/day)

0.86 ± 0.36

0.94 ± 0.46*

0.79 ± 0.36*

p < 0.001

Cigarette smoking, (%)

58 (5.0)

15 (6.1)

16 (5.9)

p = 0.233

Hypertension, (%)

130 (11.1)

45 (18.3)*

119 (44)*

p < 0.001

Dyslipidemia, (%)

203 (17.4)

51 (20.8)

105 (39)*

p < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmhg)

119.1 ± 14.1

124.2 ± 16.1*

129.5 ± 20.7*

p < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg)

73.3 ± 9.4

78.1 ± 10.6*

79.6 ± 12.3*

p < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.0 ± 4.0

24.1 ± 4.0

24.9 ± 4.3

p = 0.005

HbA1c (%)

8.9 ± 2.0

9.9 ± 2.5*

8.9 ± 2.0

p < 0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

73.2 ± 22.2

84.8 ± 27.2*

73.5 ± 21.3

p < 0.001

Serum uric acid (mg/dl)

4.8 ± 1.4

5.2 ± 2.0*

6.5 ± 2.6*

p < 0.001